Semester 2 Test Review (Units 5-7.3)

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What are mutations?

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Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence of an organism's genome. They can occur naturally or be induced by environmental factors.

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What are the main causes of mutations?

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Mutations can be caused by radiation, chemicals, and viruses, but not by global warming.

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What is a dominant allele?

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A dominant allele is a variant of a gene that will express its trait in the phenotype even when only one copy is present (e.g., 'A' for brown eyes).

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What is a recessive allele?

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A recessive allele is a variant of a gene that only expresses its trait in the phenotype when two copies are present (e.g., 'a' for blue eyes).

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What is a genotypic ratio?

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A genotypic ratio is the ratio of different genotypes produced in offspring from a genetic cross.

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What is the Law of Dominance?

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The Law of Dominance states that in a heterozygous genotype, the dominant allele will mask the effect of the recessive allele.

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What is the Law of Segregation?

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The Law of Segregation states that during the formation of gametes, the two alleles for a trait separate from each other.

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What is the Law of Independent Assortment?

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The Law of Independent Assortment states that alleles for different traits are distributed to gametes independently of one another.

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What is a gene mutation?

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A gene mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of a specific gene, affecting the protein it encodes.

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What is a chromosomal mutation?

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A chromosomal mutation involves changes in the structure or number of chromosomes, which can affect many genes.