Smart Materials

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What defines a smart material?

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A smart material exhibits a physical change in response to some external stimuli and returns to its original form when the stimuli are removed.

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What are shape-memory alloys (SMA)?

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Shape-memory alloys are metal alloys that can remember their shape when heated. An example is nickel titanium (nitinol), which contracts when heated.

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How do thermochromic pigments work?

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Thermochromic pigments change color when their temperature changes. They can be mixed with paint or polymers to give materials color-changing properties.

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What is an example of thermochromic pigment application?

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Thermochromic pigments are used in color-changing mugs or bath items for children.

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How do photochromic pigments work?

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Photochromic pigments change their properties when exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light, such as in photochromic lenses in glasses.

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What are the benefits of photochromic lenses?

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They protect eyes from harmful UV light and save money by eliminating the need for two pairs of glasses.

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What is electroluminescent film or wire?

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It is a thin copper wire coated in phosphor that glows when a current is applied. It's used in decorative clothing, nightlights, and displays.

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What is quantum-tunnelling composite (QTC)?

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QTC is an insulating rubber with metal particles that conduct electricity when pressure is applied. It's used in touch-sensitive pads and variable speed controls.

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What are self-healing materials?

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Materials that can repair themselves, extending the lifespan of products. Examples include polymers, metals, and concrete.

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What is polymorph?

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Polymorph is a polymer that becomes malleable when heated to about 62°C and hardens when cooled, making it ideal for modeling and creating ergonomic handles.