Persian Achaemenid Empire

o Became the template for all other empires, except the Mongols o Achaemenid Dynasty (539 BCE) § Founded by King Cyrus the Great · Conquered Mesopotamia and Babylonians, ending the Babylonian Exile of the Jews · Lands extended form Black Sea to Afghanistan and into Central Asia § Darius the First, son of Cyrus, (r. 522 BCE – 486 BCE) · Extended Persia into Egypt and Greece · The zenith of the empire · King during most of the Greco-Persian War which ended with the Peace of Callais in which the Greeks won § Conquered lands were permitted to keep cultures and hierarchies if they paid taxes § Made rode improvements, freedom of religion § Practiced Zoroastrianism · Early promoters of moral dualism · Forbid slavery

o (509 BCE – 27 BCE) § Grew out of Etruscan and early Roman settlements when the Romans overthrew the last Etruscan king and established a republic with a consul § Ruled by two consuls, who were elected officials and the general, the three of whom would form a triumvirate, which is an anachronistic term created by historians to describe this relationship · One consul would lead domestic policy while the other oversaw wars § Punic Wars (246 BCE – approx. 226 BCE, 218 BCE – 202 BCE) · Wars between Roman Republic and Carthage, empire along the western North African coastline, the Mediterranean coastline of the Iberian Peninsula, and parts of the islands of Sardinia and Sicily. · First Punic War ended with Rome expelling Carthage from Sicily · Second Punic War o Hannibal marched through Hispania into Italy, defeating the Romans at Cannae o Ultimately Rome wins again § Following the Punic Wars Roman generals would amass power and influence in which their soldiers and armies were more loyal to the leadership than to the Republic itself, at times significantly weakening the Senate § Julius Caesar and the First Triumvirate · Caesar does generally things, seizing power, weakening the Senate and ultimately becoming emperor in ( 49 BCE) before being assassinated in ( 44 BCE)

o (27 BCE – 395 AD unified/480 AD Western Empire/1453 AD Byzantine Empire) § Begins with Augustus, the nephew of Caesar and originally born named Octavius · Augustus and the Second Triumvirate (43 BCE – 30 BCE) o Made up of Octavius, Marc Antony, Marcus Aemilius Lepidus o Functioned as a triumvirate with Octavius and Marc Antony as the consuls until through a series of wars and conflicts it broke down and Augustus took the whole empire for himself · (27 BCE) Augustus becomes the technical First Emperor of Rome · The first 200 years of the Empire was relatively peaceful and stable, in a period known as the Pax Romana · Empire continued unified until the fall of Emperor Trajan in (AD 480) and the empire split into two empires, the Western Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire

§ Empire grew to large to govern, Emperor Diocletian split the empire into two administrative halves in (AD 286) until eventually the two empires fully separated . § Western Roman Empire · Continue to speak Latin, and uphold links to Greek and Carthaginian traditions would the Eastern Empire would speak Greek and have more ties to the Persians and Mesopotamia · Germanic tribes would invade the empire from various sides, including the Anglo-Saxons invading Britannia on the western extended part of the empire · Goths fleeing the Huns moved from Central Asia into Europe, invading Western Empire from the east (AD 376) · The empire would continue to shrink and splinter from continued Germanic invasion until finally Germanic King Odoacer sacked the Roman city and deposed the last Western Roman Emperor in Italy (AD 476) o Roman empire attempted to integrated the Germanic tribes into the military system but they weren’t loyal to Rome, just specific generals and gold since they were hired as mercenaries

· (AD 286 – 1453) o Constantine I The Great, (r. AD 306 – 337) § Restructured administration of the Eastern Roman Empire by separating civil and military duties and roles, though he was technically still considered emperor Roman as they continued to practiced codified Roman Law as written by Justinian § Converted to Christianity in (AD 312) and declared tolerance for Christianity (AD 313) § Nicene Creed (AD 325) the first declaration of a unified Christian doctrine § Fought back Germanic invasions in the Eastern Empire, Bishops of Rome no longer in hiding and the Papacy becomes a more established institution in the subsequent centuries § Constantinople founded (AD 330) o Empire was an important trade post between western Europe and the East o Kept Persians and Ottomans from encroaching West until they finally feel to the Ottoman Empire o Justinian I (r. 527-565) § Partial recovery of territories of the Western Roman Empire in an attempt to “restore the empire” § Undertook the complete revision of Roman law, creating the Corpus Juris Civilis as the basis of Latin jurisprudence and Ecclesiastical Canon Law o The Great Schism (1054) o ) – Separation between eastern and western churches

o (661 – 750) § First Islamic dynasty following the fall of the Caliphate § Founded Mu’awiya I § Spread the empire the balad al shaam, North Africa, Spain § Overthrown in 750 CE by an intermittent dynasty before the Abbasids took over

o Abbasids (750-1258) § Persian § Conquered by the Mongols § Moved capital to Baghdad § Caliph rule became more symbolic § More open to foreigners and their ideas § Arabic replaced Greek as the lingua franca for trade, politics, learning § Preserved Hindu and Buddhist tests § North Africa splintered off in (920 CE) and was ruled by the Fatimid Dynasty, who then also took the Holy Land 100 years later and fought the Crusaders § Mongol invasion weakened the empire until the Mamluks in Egypt took power in ( 1250 CE), establishing the Mamluk Sultanate, while Baghdad fell to the Mongols in (1258 CE) § Fought of China in 8 th Century, keeping China from expanding west § Abbasid dynasty would be the era of the Islamic Golden Age · Ibn Sina – (Avicenna) al Qanoon al Tib · Ibn Rush – (Averroes) polymath, mathematicians, Aristotelian, opposed Imam Al Ghazali and is the reason al Ghazali wrote the Incoherence of the Philosophers, commentaries on Plato and Aristotle · Al Jaber – algebra · Ibn Battuta – Maghribi explorer and traveler

o (1095-1100 CE) § Byzantine Emperor Alexius I called upon Pope Urban II to call for a Crusade, hoping to reunite Eastern and Western Christianity a few decades following the Great Schism over a common enemy § Shifted focus to Jerusalem § Wad pitched as a pilgrimage with a touch of warring on the side § Most fighters were peasants and the nobels who fought were primarily lords of the estates § Motivation to protect Christ and his Kingdom because God wills it § Early stages were rough, pilgrims kept robbing in the lands they entered, lots of in-fighting and no real leader § Fought Fatimid Egyptians who had captured the Holy Land by the time the Crusaders got there § Result of war: CRUSADERS WON · Not because the Crusaders were competent but because the Turks didn’t want to aid the Egyptians out of spite of them taking Jerusalem · By (1100 CE) Europeans held Antioch and Jerusalem

o (1145 – 1149) § Result: MUSLIMS WON · Disaster for the Crusaders · Lost Anatolia and Damascus · Captured Lisbon but didn’t progress further into the Hold Land

o Crusade (1189-1192) § European response to emergence of Egyptian (Kurdish) Sultan Salah ad Din § Salah ad Din consolidated power in Egypt, took Damascus and Jerusalem § Pope Gregory VIII called for the Third Crusade, enlisting the help of: · King Phillip II of France · Richard Lionheart of England · Fredrick Barbarossa of the Holy Roman Empire § Result: MUSLIMS WON · Crusaders lost Holy Land and made Egypt a target

o (1202 – 1204) § Made Africa a target, 35,000 volunteer European soldiers traveled by boat to Africa § Venetians offered to build boats, and pay for them to travel if Crusaders helped them capture a nearby city and the Pope excommunicated Venetians and the Crusaders who helped them § Excommunicated Crusaders helped the Byzantine Emperor, got stuck in Constantinople, raped and pillaged Constantinople, and took back none of the Holy Land § Result: MUSLIMS WIN BY DEFAULT · Crusaders never really fought the Muslims for the Holy Land · Crusades started to be just about fighting off whatever they could consider as “enemies of the Catholic Church” but even that moniker is vague · Doomed Byzantine when they raped and pillaged, made it so the Turks could capture Constantinople o Consequences and significance of the Crusades § Consolidated power of the Pope and Catholic church (which I think likely set the stage for the Enlightenment scholars wanting to separate church and state) § Opened trading and cultural routes between eastern and western systems

§ (b. approx. 1162-1227) · Originally from lowly clan · Married at 19, wife kidnapped and in rescuing his wife he soon became the leader of his tribe · Innovations o Promoted based on family not merit o Brought lower classes of conquered people into his tribe while dispossessing the leaders of conquered clans, winning him the loyalty of the people · Mongols picked leaders in a general council and voted · He united mongols · Empire spread from Mongolia to Caspian Sea · Son Ogedei Khan expanded empire even more · Grandson Mongke was Great Khan in (1258) when aghdad fell to the Mongols · Grandson Kublah Khan conquered Song Dynasty in China in (1279) · Another grandson almost took North Africa · Genghis Khan failed to created a single political unit out of his conquests and after his death Mongol Empire broke into 4 empires (ie Khanates ) o 1) Yuan Dynasty in China o Il-Khanate in Persia o Chagatai Khanate in Central Asian o Khanate of the Golden Horde in Russia

§ Mongolian positive impacts · Reinvigorated cross Eurasian trade o Silk road was 1000 years old and fallen to disuse and Mongols made trade safe during their reign · Increased communication in Eurasia o Pony-express like Yam System of horses and way-stations used as a service for merchants · Spread food o Rice became stable of Persian diet · Relocated useful people (artists and admin) around the empire o Created cross cultural politization · Unprecedentedly tolerant of other religions o Believed in shamanism of their own lands and didn’t expect people not of those lands to believe and practice it § Mongolian negative impacts · “greatest happiness is to conquer your enemies.” · Extremely brutal conquerors, killing millions · Empire didn’t last, within 80 years were replaced in China while in Persia they just blended into the rest of the people · Not interested in artistic patronage of architecture · By opening up trade they spread plague and may have done so intentionally in the Crimea that one time

a powerful East Slavic state that existed from the late 9th to the mid-13th century, encompassing territories in modern-day Ukraine, Belarus, and western Russia. It was a significant political and cultural center in Eastern Europe, particularly during the 10th and 11th centuries. The state was formed by Viking warrior-traders (also called Varangians or Rus) who mixed with the local East Slavic population, and its capital was in Kyiv. · Trade huge part of the city state · Agricultural slavery culture o Falling into tax debt made you bound to your land for life · Ruler called Grand Prince and converted to Byzantine Christianity · Fell in (1240)

§ Appanage Russia (1240 – 1451)

· The period of Mongolian rule in Russia · Appanage= princedom, rule of princes · Kievans moved north east into the Khanate of the Golden Horde lands controlled by the Mongols · Mongols collected tributes in exchange for Russians recognizing Mongol control and picking of the Grand Prince among the Russian princes · Impact o Cut Russia off from the Byzantine and further isolated them form the rest of Europe o Increased prominence of Moscow which became the image of Russia in the imaginations of the world · Mongols were the only group to conquer Russia in the winter

· aka Ivan the Great (r. 1462-1505) o Asserted Russia independence from Mongols after Mongolian Khan named him Grand Prince o Expanded Muscovite power and land o Took title Tsar, becoming the first Tsar of Russia

· aka Ivan the Terrible (r. 1533-1584) o Took the throne at 16 o End of princely power and beginning of true aristocracy o Innovations § Had a chosen council § Called the first meeting of the Zemensky Sobor, a grand council of representatives similar to estates general § Reformed army, emphasized muscats in warfare o Wife was Anastasia Romonov who slept with Rasputin o Briefly abdicated but came back to Moscow and declared he had right to punish all traitors and evil doers by creating Oprichniki secret police o Whole towns massacred by secret police to “punish traits and evil doers” o Suspension of laws

§ (1200 – 400 BCE) · Earliest people of record in SA, left behind little behind except for huge carved figures of heads · Based in Guatemala · First to develop written language in the Americas · Expansive trading systems · Blueprint for Maya, Zapotec Empires · Extracted rubber from trees and built pyramids, drank chocolate with chili, ball games · Disappeared mysteriously

· In Mexico and Central America · An alliance of 3 major cities in modern day, Mexico : Texaco, Tenochtitlan , Tlacopan · Alliance formed in (1430), 84 years before Cortez · A hierarchical government and society · Priests tried to avoid disaster from the gofs by appeasing them, demanded tributes from conquered peoples in the form of goods, precious metals, amd people to sacrifice o Because a lot of conquered people dislike the Aztecs it made it easier for Cortez to find allies to help him fight the Aztecs · Conquering peoples, conquered neighboring tribes and required tributes from them · City of Tenochtitlan built on an island that was easier to defend, known for canals and pyramids, none of which survived until today · Population of 300,000 at time of arrival of Spanish · Innovations: Tenochtitlan divided and serviced by canals, floating gardens

· Central America · Developed a writing system that still hasn’t been deciphered · Built huge pyramids and stone structures and sculptures · Known for their extremely accurate calendar system and mathematics

· Empire stretched down the western coast of South America and was connected by a series of roads with messengers along the roads carrying news from the capital Cusco throughout the empire. · Founded in (13 th century) in modern day Peru · Ruled 4-6 million people · Trade and very effective administrative system kept the empire together · Roads and temples across mountains · Integrated conquered people into empire · Every male peasant had to do unpaid work for government got a specified period of time each year called mita and it allowed them to build roads and temples

Protestant Reformation

o criticized the abuses of the Catholic Church, including fraudulent clergy with immoral lifestyles, sale of religious office, indulgences, dispensations (exemptions of law), fraudulent relics. § Martin Luther · 99 Thesis § John Calvin, reformer in Switzerland who took inspiration from Martin Luther § Political reasons for the reformation: · absolute monarchism that made the monarch the head of the respective church and began the project of nation-statehood. § Economic reasons for the reformation: · Greed of ruling monarchs to possess and control all lands and wealth of the Church, to avoid the burden of the Papal tax, the growth of the middle class and their ideas of capitalism were at odds with church doctrine

Key figures of the Scientific Revolution

o Gutenberg Bible and first printing press 1453 o Copernicus – earth revolved around the sun o Brahe – astronomical observations o Kepler – laws of planetary motion o Galileo – defended heliocentricity, discovered four moons on Jupiter o Newton – gravity, calculus

§ Portuguese · Portugal has a long coast, relatively resource poor and needed trade to grow. The Iberian Peninsula was the only place in Europe with Muslims in large quantities and therefore the Crusading spirit was still strong presumably because Muslims brought so much stability and prosperity to the region · Prince Henry the Navigator o Major patron of sailors and Sagres’s nautical school o Commissioned search for: § 1) path to Indian Ocean for spice trade § 2) to find kingdom of Prester John, mythical Christian king supposedly living in African for help in the Crusades § Vasco de Gama was the first sailed commissioned by Prince Henry to sail around Africa into the Indian Ocean · In (1498), landed in Calicut, a major trading post on India’s west coast · Portugal captured a number of coastal cities in Indian Ocean, creating a trading post empire and used extortion to capture other ships and force them to gain permission from Portugal to trade

First Industrial Revolution

§ (1760 - 1870) or (1750-1830) § A process of change from an agrarian, handcraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturers characterized by the use of new energy resources. § Progression of invention leading to the Industrial Revolution · British textile industry invention of the flying shuttle by John Kay in (1733) lead to the spinning jenny and water frame · Water frame led to development of steam engines to make flying shuttles more effective · Demand of water for steam engines led to the clearing of water out of coal mines that in turn would allow for the greater mining of coal to power the steam engines · Steam engines developed further for use in railroads, steam boats, and cotton mills · Sulfuric acid began to be used to bleach cloth, sulfuric acid was found in the lead mines powered by coal

Second Industrial Revolution

§ (1870 - 1914) or (1830-1910), o aka Technological Revolution § A phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization, mass production and industrialization from the late 19th century into the early 20th century. Second was characterized by the build-out of railroads, large-scale iron and steel production, widespread use of machinery in manufacturing, greatly increased use of steam power, widespread use of the telegraph, use of petroleum and the beginning of electrification. It also was the period during which modern organizational methods for operating large scale businesses over vast areas came into use. § Included the rapid growth of railroad industries, telegraph, photography, chemical processes, electricity, petroleum, hydroelectricity

Seven Years War (1756 - 1763)

o Also called the French and Indian Wars o Major actors § Great Britain and Prussia fought France and Austria § Austrian Hapsburgs wanted to win back Silesia (in Poland in Czech Republic) but failed o Origins: § Many historians say it lasted 23 years because it was a continuation of the War for Austrian Succession § Fought primarily between the British and French · American Indians supported both British and French and Indians in India supported both as well § French also fighting the Prussians § British also fighting Austrians § Fought in Europe, continental US, Caribbean Sea, Coast of Africa, India § Why: land, but mostly trade · British colonists wanted to expand west of the original 13 colonies, that land was held by French · If colonists expanded west, they could gain more colonists for trade and increase their wealth · French were concerned Britain would take French sugar plantations in the Caribbean o Treaty of Paris (1763) ended the war § French lost war · Limited French presence in Caribbean, India, and North America § Dramatically weakened Britain and France, armies historically feed themselves by pillaging and raiding farms and villages § French Acadians in Main fled to Louisiana and became Cajuns § British debt skyrocketed and tried to tax American colonists to pay for it à the American Revolutionary War

o First Consul (1799-1804) o Emperor (1804 – April 1814, March 1815 – June 1815) o Supported revolution against French monarchy in ( 1789) while serving in the army o Campaign in Austria in (1796), campaign in Egypt (1798) o Coup (1799) o (1805) War with Great Britain o (1808) declared brother Joseph King of Spain o Spain and Portugal rebelled, supported by the British o (1812) fails in Russia o (1814) loses at Battle of Leipzig and is deposed temporarily o (Feb 1815) escapes Elba and comes back into power (March 1815) o Defeated at Battle of Waterloo by Duke of Wellington and exiled to island of Saint Helena and dies at 51 in (1821)

§ Napoleon put his brother on the throne of Spain (1808) · Wanted to institute French legal system which annoyed the New Spain aristocrats who wanted to extend their power at the expense of the Peninsulares elite § New Spain aristos affirmed loyalty to the (French) King of Spain in opposition of Napoleon § Peasant uprising led by priest Padre Hidalgo and supported by creoles and aimed at the Peninsulares · More than 10,000 supported the uprisings but it petered out § 2 nd peasant revolt lead by priest Father Morelos · (1813), declared independence until death in (1815) § (1820) Spain had a Spanish king again · Spain had real liberal revolution that limited the church · Mexican elites switched from supporting Spain to supporting creoles to hold on to their privileges · Creole general Iturbide and rebels mestizo commander Guerrero joined forces and won independence with most of the Peninsulares returning to Spain · General Iturbide became king of Mexico (1822) o Overthrown within the year by the military and republic was declared § Mexican Republic · Alliances between conservative land owning elites and army o This type of alliance would happen over and over again in Latin America for the next century and a half

Venezuelan Revolution and Simon Bolivar

§ Venezuela had a group of well trained creole revolutionaries § (1811) formed revolutionary junta that seized power in Caracas and formed a republic § Interior of Venezuela was home to mixed race cowboys called Llaneros who supported the king § Llaneros kept Caracas from expanding their power inland § Simon Bolivar · “el Libertador” · Believed to overcome class divisions was to appeal to a general sense of South Americanness · Bolivar convinced Llaneros to give up fighting for the Spanish · Captured viceregal capital of Bogota · By (1822) taken Caracas and Quito · Argentina’s general Jose de San Marlin led expeditions against Spain in Chile and Lima, captured last Spanish viceroy in (1824), freeing all of Latin America from Spain · His famous not last words were “Damn it. How will I ever get out of this Labyrinth?”

Tokugawa Shogunate ( 1603 – 1868)

Led by the Tokugawa family, it centralized power, established a hierarchical social structure, and implemented a policy of isolation from foreign powers. This era saw a period of relative peace, economic growth, and cultural development in Japan. o Decline of Feudal Japan and rise of the Tokugawa Shogunate ( 1603 – 1868) § Feudal Japan started to decrease (late 16 th Century) with the rise of the shogunate that formerly solidified (1603) § Tokugawa family leading as shogun under the emperor, propped up by local lords called daimyo o Tokugawa Era on the rocks when two foreign events rocked Japan: § China’s loss in the Opium Wars (1839–42) § The arrival of Matthew Perry o Matthew Perry § Japan saw Christianity as a destabilizing threat so they forbade Europeans from setting foot in Japan § Matthew Perry came with a fleet of American steam powered warships that convinced the Japanese to sign humiliating trade treaties to open Japan o Treaties motivated the daimyo and samurai to overthrow Tokugawa government and establish the Meiji Period (1868 – 1912)

o Meiji Period (1868 – 1912) § Gave Japan impetus to start thinking of itself differently and reconstitute as a nation-state to keep up with a changing world, leading the bakufu to overthrow the shogunate § (1868), rebels had newly enthroned Emperor Meiji to abolish the bakufu and proclaim a restoration of the imperial throne, ie. the Meiji Restoration § Japan created a modern nation state in place of the bakufu complete with a European style cabinet system of government that a PM § Nationalization meant modernization to compete with the west § (1869) Meiji government expanded Japan’s borders through colonialization

Russian Revolution of 1905

§ ( January 22, 1905 – Jun 16 1907) § The Russo Japanese War ( 1904-1905 ) worsened conditions for the peasants under the Russian feudal system à peasants demonstrated outside the czar’s Winter Palace and soldiers massacred the peaceful protestors (ie. Bloody Sunday) à Czar Nicholas II signed the October Manifesto which established a constitutional monarchy and gave legislative power to parliament. § began with the Bloody Sunday massacre and led to the formation of worker-dominated councils called soviets, as well as strikes, protests, and military mutinies § Czar Nicholas II would later violate the manifesto, disbanding parliament and ignoring civil liberties à Bolshevik Revolution § Soviets, ie. workers councils, developed and emerged as a form of grassroots power

Bolshevik Revolution of 1917

§ Began with the workers strike in Petrograd when the army sided with the workers, forming their own government system called the soviets to push back against the provisional government set up by parliament made up of nobles · The chaos allowed exiled leaders Lenin, Joseph Stalin, and Leon Trotsky to return and gain popular support as well as support for the Red Guard § The Reds eventually overthrew parliament ( 1921 ) and set up a communist government

o ( 1918 - 1923 ) between the Reds and the Whites § Lenin, Trotsky and the Bolsheviks were the Reds § The Whites were primarily made up of the bourgeoisie and Cossacks from southern Russian and Ukraine had the support of the British, US, and Japan

CSET Subtest I Flashcards

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Chinese rivers

Back

Yangtze River (Long River) and Yellow River (Huang He)

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

First 5 Chinese periods

Back

1) Shang - Myth of Xia dynasty
2) Zhou - Mandate of Heaven, Lang Tzu (Taoism)
3) Warring states - Confucius and Shang Yang (legalism)
4) Qin - Qin Shi Huangdi, legalism, terracotta warriors, reunited China
5) Han - Emperor Wen, classical period, adopted Confucian principles

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

First civilization

Back

Sumer, city state of the Sumerians in Mesopotamia 3000 BCE - 612 BCE, cuneiform, invented the wheel, epic of Gilgamesh, Ziggurats

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Akkadian Empire

Back

2350 BCE - 2150 BCE,
First known empire,
established by Sargon of Akkad,

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Hammurabi

Back

Akkadian Empire, code of Hammurabi, stele of Hammurabi, ruled from the city-state Babylon

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Nebuchadnezzar

Back

King of Neo-Babylonian/Assyrian Empire, Hanging gardens of Babylon, captured and transported jewish Israelites during Babylonian Captivity after besieging Jerusalem and breaking the Kingdom of Judah

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Indus Valley Civilization innovations

Back

§ A sewer plumping system

§ Zero

§ Early form of Hinduism

§ Caste system

§ Iron plow

§ Decimal system

8.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Hinduism

Back

§ The Vedas

· Religious text of the Assyrians, pre-Hinduism

§ Caste System

· Written about in the Vedas, gives a divine explanation for the caste system

· 4 main castes

o 1) Brahmins – religious personnel

o 2) Kshatriyas – warriors

o 3) Vaisyas – merchants and artisans

o 4) Sudras – laborers and farmers

§ Dharma

· One’s role in society, often based in their caste

§ Samsara

· Reincarnation, if you fulfill your dharma you can be reborn into a better caste until you eventually achieve moksha

§ Moksha

· Release from reincarnation and the material world

§ Karma

· One becomes virtuous by virtuous action

9.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Buddhism 4 noble truths

Back

· 1) All life is suffering

· 2) Desire is the source of all suffering

· 3) To stop suffering one must rid themselves of desire

· 4) To end desire and suffering, one must follow the 8-fold path

10.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Last four Chinese Dynasties

Back

§ Yuan (1271 – 1368)

· Mongolian dynasty

· Red turban rebellion (1351 – 1368)

§ Ming (1368 – 1644)

· Great Wall built to keep out Mongolians

§ Qing (1644 – 1911)

· Manchurian dynasty

· Canton System (1757 – 1842) mandated that all trade must be conducted through authorized Chinese merchants to maintain control over foreign trade, a protectionist policy,

· Opium Wars – 1839-1842, 1856-1860

· Boxer Rebellion 1899-1900

· 1911 Revolution

CSET Subtest I

47 questions

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