AP Biology: Unit 1 Review (CED)

Front

What is hydrogen bonding in water molecules?

Back

Hydrogen bonding is a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom (like oxygen) and another electronegative atom. It is responsible for water's unique properties such as cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension.

Front

What are the properties of water resulting from hydrogen bonding?

Back

Cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension are properties of water that result from hydrogen bonding.

Front

What does it mean for a molecule to be polar?

Back

A polar molecule has a distribution of electrical charge that leads to a partial positive charge on one side and a partial negative charge on the other, often due to polar covalent bonds.

Front

What type of bonds are present in water?

Back

Water has polar covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

Front

Describe the orientation of phospholipids in a cell membrane.

Back

Phospholipids orient in a bilayer with hydrophilic (water-attracting) heads facing outward towards the water and hydrophobic (water-repelling) tails facing inward, away from the water.

Front

What are the main macromolecules in biology?

Back

The main macromolecules are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

Front

Which macromolecules contain nitrogen?

Back

Nucleic acids and proteins contain nitrogen.

Front

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Back

The primary structure of a protein is the linear sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.

Front

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

Back

The tertiary structure is the three-dimensional shape of a protein formed by the folding and interactions of the R groups of amino acids.

Front

What is the difference between primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary protein structures?

Back

Primary: sequence of amino acids; Secondary: local folding (alpha helices and beta sheets); Tertiary: overall 3D shape; Quaternary: arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains.