Final Exam Study Guide - Historical Definitions

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Which historical event is described as an anti-foreign uprising in China (1899-1901) by the 'Righteous and Harmonious Fists' secret society, targeting Western missionaries, Chinese Christians, and foreign influence, and ending with international intervention and further weakening of the Qing Dynasty?

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Boxer Rebellion

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Which treaty ended World War I between Germany and the Allied Powers in 1919, imposing harsh terms on Germany including massive reparations, territorial losses, military restrictions, and the War Guilt Clause?

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Treaty of Versailles

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Who was the Italian fascist dictator (1883-1945) who ruled Italy from 1922-1943, established a totalitarian state, allied with Nazi Germany, and promoted aggressive nationalism and expansionism?

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Mussolini

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Who was the founder and first president of modern Turkey (1881-1938), who led the Turkish independence movement after WWI, established a secular republic, and implemented extensive westernization reforms?

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Mustafa Kemal

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What is the military strategy involving complete mobilization of society's resources for warfare, where civilian populations become legitimate targets and entire economies are directed toward the war effort, exemplified in WWI and WWII?

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Total War

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What literary movement blends realistic narrative with fantastical elements, is particularly associated with Latin American authors like Gabriel García Márquez, and is often used to express political and social realities?

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Magic Realism

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Which term is described as the Central Asian country that became a Cold War battleground, where Soviet invasion (1979-1989) led to prolonged conflict with US-backed mujahideen fighters, contributing to Soviet Union's decline?

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Afghanistan

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Which term refers to the 'Openness' policy introduced by Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s, allowing greater freedom of expression, press, and political discussion, contributing to democratization of Soviet society?

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Glasnost

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Which term is defined as a political ideology emphasizing loyalty and devotion to one's nation, becoming a major force in 19th-20th centuries, leading to unification movements, independence struggles, and ethnic conflicts?

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Nationalism

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Which term describes two wars between Britain and China (1839-1842, 1856-1860) over Britain's opium trade, resulting in Chinese defeat and 'unequal treaties' opening Chinese ports to foreign trade and influence?

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Opium War