2B_Biological Macromolecules

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alpha-helix structure (α-helix)

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type of secondary protein structure formed by folding the polypeptide into a spiral shape with hydrogen bonds stabilizing the structure

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amino acid

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a protein's monomer; has a central carbon or alpha carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group or side chain is attached; the R group is different for all 20 common amino acids

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beta-pleated sheet (β-pleated)

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secondary structure in proteins in which hydrogen bonding forms 'pleats' between atoms on the polypeptide chain's backbone

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biological macromolecule

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large molecule necessary for life that is built from smaller organic molecules

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carbohydrate

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biological macromolecule in which the ratio of carbon to hydrogen and to oxygen is 1:2:1; carbohydrates serve as energy sources and structural support in cells and form arthropods' cellular exoskeleton

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cellulose

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polysaccharide that comprises the plants' cell wall; provides structural support to the cell

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chitin

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type of carbohydrate that forms the outer skeleton of all arthropods that include crustaceans and insects; it also forms fungi cell walls

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dehydration synthesis (also, condensation)

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reaction that links monomer molecules, releasing a water molecule for each bond formed

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denaturation

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loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or chemical exposure

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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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double-helical molecule that carries the cell's hereditary information