Unit 1 Ap Gov exam

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Anti-Federalist

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a movement of people in the late 18th century who opposed the ratification of the U.S. Constitution because they feared it gave too much power to the new federal government and threatened the autonomy of individual states and liberties.

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Amendment process

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Article V: first, an amendment is proposed either by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress or by a national convention called by two-thirds of the states, a method never before used; second, the proposed amendment must be ratified by three-fourths of the states, either through their legislatures or state conventions

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Apportionment

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Apportionment is the process of dividing seats or shares among states or other entities based on their population or another factor, such as distributing the 435 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives among the 50 states according to their population after each decennial census

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Articles of Confederation

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the United States' first constitution, established between 1781 and 1789,

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Articles of the Constitution

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seven primary documents that structure the government, covering the Legislative Branch (Article I), Executive Branch (Article II), Judicial Branch (Article III), State Relations (Article IV), Amendment Process (Article V), National Supremacy (Article VI), and Ratification (Article VII).

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Federalist Papers

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A series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution, explaining the intent behind its provisions and arguing for a strong central government.

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Checks and Balances

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A foundational principle in the U.S. Constitution where each branch of government (Legislative, Executive, Judicial) has powers that can limit or check the powers of the other branches, ensuring no single branch becomes too powerful.

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Bill of Rights

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The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1791, which guarantee fundamental rights and liberties such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press, and protections against governmental abuses of power.

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Separation of Powers

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A core principle of the U.S. Constitution that divides government responsibilities into distinct branches—Legislative, Executive, and Judicial—to prevent any one branch from exercising the core functions of another, thereby limiting the potential for abuse of power.

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Supremacy Clause

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Found in Article VI of the U.S. Constitution, this clause establishes that the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties are the supreme law of the land, taking precedence over state laws and constitutions.