The process of assigning participants to different groups in an experiment by chance.

The entire group of individuals that researchers are interested in studying.

A subset of the population selected for participation in a study.

A technique where every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for the sample.

Representative samples

Samples that accurately reflect the characteristics of the population from which they are drawn.

Samples that are taken from a group that is easily accessible.

A bias that occurs when the sample is not representative of the population.

The extent to which findings from a study can be applied to the larger population.

The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or intervention.

The group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment and is used for comparison.

Placebo (group and effect)

A group that receives a placebo treatment to measure the effect of the actual treatment.

Single-blind procedure

A research design in which participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or control group.

Double-blind procedure

A research design in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is in the experimental or control group.

A bias that occurs when a researcher's expectations influence the outcome of a study.

An in-depth analysis of a single individual or group.

Correlation (define Positive and Negative)

A statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two variables fluctuate together; positive correlation means both variables increase together, while negative correlation means one variable increases as the other decreases.

Directionality problem

A problem in correlational research that does not allow researchers to determine which variable influences the other.

Third-variable problem

A situation where a third variable influences both the independent and dependent variables, potentially misleading the results.

Correlation coefficient

A numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables, ranging from -1 to +1.

Quantitative measures (e.g. Likert scales)

Measures that provide numerical data to quantify variables.

Qualitative measures (e.g. structured interviews)

Measures that provide descriptive data to understand concepts, thoughts, or experiences.

Research methods that involve asking participants questions to gather data.

The way information is presented, which can influence decision-making and judgment.

Social desirability bias

The tendency of respondents to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed favorably by others.

Bias that occurs when participants provide inaccurate or untruthful responses about themselves.

A statistical technique that combines the results of multiple studies to arrive at a comprehensive conclusion.

Naturalistic observation

A research method where behavior is observed in its natural environment without interference.

Hypothesis (include falsifiability)

A testable prediction about the relationship between variables that can be proven false.

Operational definitions

Specific explanations of abstract concepts that allow them to be measured.

Replication and Peer review

Replication is the process of repeating a study to see if the same results are obtained; peer review is the evaluation of research by experts in the field before publication.

Institutional review board (for human and non-human research)

A committee that reviews research proposals to ensure ethical standards are met.

Principles that guide researchers to conduct studies ethically and responsibly.

Consent (Informed Consent and Informed assent)

The process of obtaining permission from participants after informing them of the study's purpose and procedures.

An ethical principle that ensures participants are not exposed to unnecessary risks during research.

Confidentiality of participants

The ethical obligation to protect the privacy of research participants.

An ethical guideline that allows for limited deception in research when necessary, provided it does not harm participants.

The process of informing participants about the study's true purpose and any deception that occurred after the study is completed.

Central tendency (mean, median, mode)

Statistical measures that summarize a set of data by identifying the central point.

Measures of variation (range and interpret standard deviation)

Statistics that describe the spread or dispersion of a set of data.

Normal curve (percentages and percentiles)

A bell-shaped curve that represents the distribution of scores in a population.

Positive and negative skews

Describes the asymmetry of a distribution; positive skew has a longer tail on the right, while negative skew has a longer tail on the left.

Bimodal distributions

Distributions that have two different modes or peaks.

Regression toward the mean

The phenomenon where extreme scores tend to be closer to the average on subsequent measurements.

Statistical significance

A measure of whether the results of a study are likely due to chance or reflect a true effect.

Psychology Concepts and Research Methods Flashcards

Student preview

53 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Behaviorist Approach

Back

A psychological perspective that emphasizes the role of environmental factors in shaping behavior.

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Psychoanalytic Approach

Back

A theory of psychology that focuses on the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior.

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Biological Approach

Back

A perspective that examines the physiological and genetic influences on behavior.

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Humanistic Approach

Back

A psychological perspective that emphasizes individual potential and stresses the importance of growth and self-actualization.

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Experimental vs. non-experimental

Back

Experimental research involves manipulation of variables, while non-experimental research does not.

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Dependent variable (DV)

Back

The variable that is measured in an experiment to see if it is affected by the independent variable.

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Confounding variables

Back

Variables that are not controlled in an experiment and may affect the results.

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