ATP

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Chemical Energy Noun

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[kem-i-kuhl en-er-jee]

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Chemical Energy

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The potential energy stored within the bonds of chemical compounds, which is released during chemical reactions to power cellular functions.

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Example: This diagram shows cellular respiration, where the chemical energy in glucose is converted into ATP, the main energy currency used by cells for life processes.

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Active Transport Noun

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[ak-tiv trans-port]

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Active Transport

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The movement of substances across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient, a process which requires the expenditure of cellular energy.

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Example: This diagram shows that active transport uses energy from ATP to move molecules across a cell membrane from a low concentration area to a high concentration area.

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Protein Synthesis Noun

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[proh-teen sin-thuh-sis]

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Protein Synthesis

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The fundamental biological process where cells generate new proteins, a complex activity that requires a significant amount of cellular energy.

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Example: This diagram shows a ribosome building a protein from amino acids by reading an mRNA strand, but it does not illustrate the role of ATP energy.

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Cell Division Noun

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[sel di-vizh-uhn]

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Cell Division

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The process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells, essential for growth and reproduction.

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Example: This diagram shows the cell cycle, a process where a cell grows and divides, with the 'Mitotic Phase' representing the actual cell division.

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Noun

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[uh-den-uh-seen try-fos-fayt]

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Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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A high-energy molecule that functions as the main energy currency of the cell, storing and transferring energy for cellular activities.

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Example: This diagram shows that food (like rice) is used by a cell's mitochondrion to produce ATP, which is the main source of energy for the cell.

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Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) Noun

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[uh-den-uh-seen dy-fos-fayt]

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Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

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A molecule composed of adenosine and two phosphate groups that is converted to ATP for energy storage through phosphorylation.

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Example: This diagram shows the molecular structure of Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP), highlighting its components: one adenine, one ribose sugar, and two phosphate groups.

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Ribose Noun

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[ry-bohs]

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Ribose

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A five-carbon sugar that is a key structural component of the ATP molecule, as well as RNA.

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Example: This diagram shows the chemical structure of ribose, a five-carbon sugar that forms the central part of the ATP molecule.

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Adenine Noun

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[ad-n-een]

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Adenine

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A nitrogenous base that is a fundamental component of adenosine, which forms the backbone of both ATP and ADP.

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Example: This diagram shows that Adenine is a fundamental building block, which joins with Ribose and three Phosphate groups to form the ATP molecule.

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Phosphate Groups Noun

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[fos-fayt groops]

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Phosphate Groups

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The functional groups in ATP whose high-energy bonds store and release the chemical energy required for cellular work.

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Example: This diagram shows how an ATP molecule releases energy by breaking off one of its three phosphate groups, becoming an ADP molecule.

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Hydrolysis Noun

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[hy-drol-uh-sis]

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Hydrolysis

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The chemical process of breaking down a compound by reacting it with water, which releases energy from ATP.

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Example: This diagram shows the ATP-ADP cycle. The breakdown of ATP into ADP and a phosphate group, which releases energy for cells, is an example of hydrolysis.