What did this lead the path for?

-More political rights for AA -some AA members of congress -federal authority used to enforce laws -Freedmen's bureau developed businesses and smallholdings

What was the Ku Klux Klan?

-extreme organisation -Local groups terrorised AA, lynching and murdering -1868 - 2000 deaths in Louisiana -US troops had to supress disorders

What inequalities led into the 20th century

-White violence in southern life normalised -little economic equality -violence employed to discourage sexual contacts between both -civil rights were established in theory, it was not applied -After 1870 especially after the Hayes-Tilden compromise of 1877, rights were eroded by intimidation

Who was Booker T. Washington (1865-1915)?

-stressed the importance of AA relying on their own efforts to progress -did not campaign openly, but he received support from wealthy businessmen -e.g. Andrew Carnegie gave $600,000 in bonds -1881 founded Tuskee institute to train teachers -1901 founded the National business league to encourage AA economic enterprise

Who was W.E.B. Du Bois? (1868-1913)

-believed there should be a 'talented tenth' who would lead AA to equality -Appalled by lynching's -The Niagara movement 1905 pushed radical change and laid foundations for NAACP in 1909 -Accepted white support, by 1913 he recog gains in home ownership, farms, businesses -later interests in pan-Africanism

Who was Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)?

-Strong believer in Pan-Africanism -1912 set up Universal Negro Improvement association -1916 - Black Starline, saw importance of economic development - $10m -Set up the Negro factories Corporation to promote manufacture and trade among Africans -Claimed UNIA had 4m mem -Opposed Dubois -Arrested and imprisoned for fraud

Who was Philip Randolph? (1890-1979)

-integrationist policies -influenced by Du Bois -Pressured Roosevelt to end discrim in war industries in 1941 - threating a march on Washington -not new -1917 NY, 1963 organised march on Washington -non-vio, demon, eco, white sympathisers -1948 - pressured Truman about segregation in armed forces

Who was Martin Luther King (1929-68)?

-moral vocabulary, power of rhetoric - religion -argue there was a existing foundation - Rand -1955 - sup Montgomery bus boycott - Rosa Parks NAACP activist arrested for seat -1957 - formed Southern Church Leadership conference -Non -violence, white sup, India 1959 -Marches sit-ins, Washington 1963-critical of fake show of unity +economic issues -Arrested 29 times, Birmingham 1963

What needs to be considered when considering King's impact on civil rights?

-scale of urgency made it possible for civil rights legislation to be passed as a matter of urgency -Randolph succeeded in achieving changes in law but not as fundamentally as King -Garvey may have achieved other - no reform -Garvey + MX had a larger impact on awareness on AA -King criticism for work with whites -he found achieving constitutional rights did not solve fundamental economic social problems -King often credited with work by local AA activists

Who was Malcolm X (1925-65)?

-Son of Earl little who followed Garvey, strong belief in African separatism +nationalism -died -imprisoned from 1947-52, underwent conversion to Islam, -mem 400 in 1952-40,000 by 1960 -preached violent revolution -Softened approach later on

What should be considered when factoring Malcolm X's impact?

-The influence he had on the mergence of the Black power movement -Given the aims it was not possible for him to claim the sort of success that King could over the civil rights legislation -Had less popular support than Garvey at his height and perhaps a less coherent strategy -Considerable influence in promoting a sense of pride and identity among AA that did not depend on integration or accepting white values

what are the three elements of the federal government?

1.President 2.Congress 3.Supreme Court

What did Andrew Johnson, Grant and Wilson do for Civil Rights?

Johnson was opposed to greater AA rights -Grant used federal troops to support and authority reconstruction -Presidents were conscious of the need to retain the support of Southern senators and congressmen -Wilson did little for civil rights - praised KKK for defending Southern rights after the Civil War

Who was Roosevelt (pres 1933-45)?

-did not pass a specific civil rights act -New deal in 1930s helped AA who had been hit by great depression -Including the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) and the Public Works Administration (PWA)

Why was the New Deal by Roosevelt limited?

-But segregation was a feature of work camps -Many reforms excluded key areas of AA employment e.g. agriculture and domestic service -When war broke out US armed forced remained segregated, though Roosevelt did end discrimination in war industries

What did Truman do for civil rights (pres 1945-53)?

-1948 - issued an executive order against segregation in armed forces, appointed a committee on civil rights legislation -no comprehensive measures were passed

What did Eisenhower do for civil rights (pres 1953-61)?

-created the Civil Rights Acts which reaffirmed AA right to vote -sent troops to enforce a Supreme Court ruling on desegregating schools in the famous incident at Little Rock 1957, when Arkansas authorities tried to prevent the desegregation of Little rock High School

What did John F. Kennedy do for civil rights (pres 1961-1963)?

-Democrat spoke clearly about the 'harmful, wasteful and wrongful results of racial discrimination' and prepared a general civil rights bill in 1963 before his assassination

What did Lyndon B. Johnson do for civil rights(pres 1963-69)?

-Left to pass the most significant series of Civil Rights since the 1860s -24th Amendment, 1964 -The Civil Rights Act, 1964 and 1965 -restrictions on voting rights for AA no longer permitted and discrimination in public accommodations + employment made illegal -Appointed the first AA supreme court justice

What did Nixon do for civil rights (pres 1969-74)?

-Extended 'affirmative action' to promote wider equality -All employers with federal contracts were required to draft policies showing they were promoting employment of AA -Act of 1972, extending equal employment legislation to all federal, local and state governments -However subsequent presidents found it harder to address the remaining social and economic inequalities

how did congress progress civil rights during the reconstruction era?

-Johnson was hostile to civil rights os it moved to congress -Dominated by republicans in post-Civil War period who were supporters of civil rights

Why was there little action in congress from 1876?

-Southern Democrats had more seats in congress with their candidate Tilden winning popular vote -1877 democrats agreed to allow disputed votes to go to Hayes provided that all federal troops leave the South - ending reconstruction -made it hard for civil rights legislation -JFK assass did make sympathy for the cause

What did the supreme court do in 1890?

Support racial discrimination and segregation when it ruled in a case that Louisiana was not acting against the constitution in discriminating on its railroads (Plessy vs Ferguson, 1896)

What powers did the federal system and states' rights have?

-Individual states have a lot of power -1885 the federal gov defeated a rebellion by the South -South subsequently passed black codes to control and intimidate AA

what did the period of reconstruction see in southern states?

-AA in new constitutional assemblies -South Carolina black representatives outnumbered white people -Only because of the presence of Union armed forces

What happened after the North compromised with the south in 1877, and the Jim Crow laws?

-separate hospitals, prisons, public and private schools etc -codes of behaviour regulating social and sexual relations between members of diff races -Complex regulations to qualify AA for voting, which ensured they were excluded

Addition opposition from Southern states included?

-little to control lynching -opposition of white governors attempts to institute change became notorious throughout world

What and when was Little Rock?

-1954 -state gov resisted ruling of brown v. Board that school segregation was unconstitutional -1957 Arkansas - governor Faubus prevented 9 black students into a white high school -Eisenhower put federal control

Who was James Meredith?

-1962 - state gov Mississippi and Kennedy -when federal law officers enforced the AA student Meredith entry into a forcibly desegregated university

What happened in Alabama in 1963?

-Eugene Bull Conor used fire hoses and attack dogs against civil rights protesters in Birmingham Alabama 1963

WhAT was the National Association for the advancement of Coloured people (NAACP) ?

-1909 - developed from an organisation formed largely by white liberal activists -W.E.B -Small mem but set up 50 branches + led to public marches 1917 - prevented enforced segregation of AA into separate residential districts -Legal challenges led by Thurgood Marshall (AA)

What was the congress of racial equality (CORE)?

-Founded in 1942 -White members who challenged segregation -interstate buses -introduced freedom rides in 1947 -provoked violence in 1961 and led to Kennedy authorising desegregation of interstate transport

What did the youth branch of the NAACP do for civil rights?

-founded in 1958 -organised sit-ins at segregated lunch counters

-1957 Southern Christian Leadership Council -emerged from local groups organising the bus boycott -Strong figurehead in MLK and as as a distinct philosophy

-1962 - Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee -mass demonstrations eventually being march on Washington in 1963 -Followed well publicised in Georgia 1961 -Attention of international media in over-reactions by local authorities

What was Marcus Garvey's United Negro Improvement Organisation?

-1918 - achieved large membership -Radicalism + separatism -characterised NOI deprived from 1930 preaching mission -developed in 1950s by Elijah Muhammad + X

Who was the Ku Klux Klan?

-anti-civil rights - first meeting in Nashville 1867 -Leader - Nathan Forest -Intimidated AA, violence, lynching, stop vote, stop black children from going into schools etc

What was KKK's membership in 1871?

-40,000 in Tennessee alone -possibly half a million in the South as a whole -met with strong federal response -Klan decline after discrimination as able to be made legal by states

why was the KKK reborn in 1915?

-William Joseph Simmons encouraged by the 1915 ' Birth of a nation' -revived hostility after civil war -mem peaked 6 million in 1924

Why did the KKK eventually decline and stop?

-Involvement of D.C Stephenson in the kidnap and torture, rape and murder of a woman -Therefore, the KKK was defunct -Various groups used the same name but ceased to be a mass organisation again, -Execution of a Klan member in 1981 for a lynching 16 years earlier sent a message

-Murdered in Mississippi in 1955 -All white jury acquitted the murders of the 14 year old

What is the white citizens councils

-formed after Brown v Board in order to protest about school desegregation - they encouraged intimidation of AA trying to vote -hostile actions -declined in 1960s

What was the high point of 1964-65?

civil rights legislation of the Johnson era was a high point for the movement -constitutional amendment in 1964 - enacted in 1965 -discrimination was ended in public accommodations and employment by law in the civil rights act of 1964

1 - African Americans Flashcards

Student preview

56 questions

Show all answers

1.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What happened between 1861 to 1865?

Back

-Civil war between the North (Union) and the South (confederacy)

-Abolitionists fought hard to end slavery

2.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What 'end slavery' in 1863?

Back

-Emancipation proclamation 1863, only in areas under union control

-13th amendment wrote emancipation into the constitution in 1865 freeing 4 million enslaved AA

-far from equal

3.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What was sharecropping?

Back

-Where landlords allowed people they had formally enslaved to work the land for a share of produce

-free to move away, but has little choice but to work long hours for limited awards

-Faced discrimination

4.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

who was assassinated in 1865?

Back

-President Abraham Lincoln

5.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

Andrew Johnson's opinion on AA rights?

Back

-Unsympathetic to the cause of helping African Americans

-However congress was dominated by Republicans who wanted to carry out reforms to help them

6.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

What were the black codes?

Back

-Southern States passed highly discriminatory and racist codes, restricting rights

-Congress were angry at this

7.

FLASHCARD QUESTION

Front

How did Congress set precedent for later reforms?

Back

-Freedmen's bureau, promoted welfare + edu

-14th and 15th amendments - outlawed discri

-Civil rights Act (1866) giving legal equality

-First reconstruction Act (1867) guaranteed right to vote

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