friction

friction

What Friction?Friction forceThe external force that opposes relative motion between 2 surfaces in contact.  Friction acts on the surface of contact of both the bodies. elative motionWhen one object moves relative to another it is called a relative motion.

Why Friction?Cause of frictionFriction occurs due to surface irregularities of the two objects in contact. Adhesive forces between surfaces in contact. Plowing effect.

Surface irregularitiesAll surfaces when zoomed into a microscopic level contain hills and valleys that interlock when they move or rub on top of each other. This unevenness of the surface is called as surface irregularities or roughness. Rough surfaces have larger irregularities while smoother surfaces have lesser irregularities.

Adhesive forcesWhen two surfaces are in contact they start to form bonds and begin to stick to each other. This phenomenon is called as Adhesion. When we try to move objects that are on top of another, we are basically breaking the bonds or overcoming the adhesive forces.

Plowing effectWhen surfaces are soft or can change their shape easily, they get deformed when they come in contact with another object. Ex: carpets, when a heavy object is placed on them, it looks like a valley that is caused by the deformation of the shape. This effect of the surfaces sinking into each other is known as Plowing effect.

Factors Affecting FrictionFactors affecting frictionDepends on the nature of surfaces in contact. (Friction exists between two surfaces) E.g.: glass and rubber

Nature of surface in contactFriction depends on how hard the two surfaces pressed together, as more surface in contact and more bonds are formed→ more bonds to break → means more friction. Only the normal reaction force (exactly perpendicular ) to the two surfaces increases friction.

Calculating frictional force using a spring balanceUsing a spring balance we can find the frictional forces opposed by different materials. Sandpaper gives a higher reading as compared to stainless steel.

Polishing surfaces in contact to change frictionPolishing surface reduces irregularities and therefore makes the surface smooth. Reduces friction. Normal reaction forceForce applied that is exactly perpendicular to the surfaces in contact is called normal reaction force. It increases the frictional force. Static FrictionFriction due to a body at rest with the surface in contact is called as Static friction.Static FrictionFriction due to a body at rest with the surface in contact is called as Static friction.

Kinetic FrictionThe friction that comes into play when objects are in motion is called as kinetic friction. Kinetic friction:

* Sliding

* Rolling friction

Friction a Frenemy?How does friction produce heat?As friction involves breaking bonds, they make the particles vibrate → increase kinetic energy and therefore increase heat.

Applications of frictionWriting, walking, running, tyres on a car, a nail stays in the wall due to friction, usage of a matchstick.

Reinvent the WheelRolling and using treads to change frictionUsing ball bearings reduces friction as rolling friction is< other types of friction. Treads on tyres help expunge water and give better grip, by increasing friction.

Rolling frictionRolling provides less friction as compared to sliding. Rolling friction < Sliding friction. Machines use ball bearings to reduce the friction of moving parts.

Skydiving Cat

Drag forceFrictional force exerted by fluids is called drag. The drag force on an object depends on speed as well as the shape of the body and nature of the fluid.