Biomolecules (AP)

Biomolecules

Bio= life

Molecule= compound​ (two or more atoms bound together)

Macro= large

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Organic molecules

1. Molecules that contain carbon.

2. All life on Earth is organic – we all contain carbon

Macromolecule

1.A very large molecule, such as a polymer or protein

2.consisting of many smaller structural units linked together.

Also called supermolecule.

Polymer

1. A molecule made up of many smaller molecules.

2. Formed by a reaction called dehydration synthesis – which means water must be removed to bond them together.

Monomer

1.The building block of a polymer.  

Multiple Choice

If a NECKLACE is a Polymer, what would be the monomer?

• bracelet

• bowtie

• pearl

• necklaces banded together

CARBON: found in all biomolecules​

HYDROGEN: found in all biomolecules

NITROGEN:​ found in proteins and Nucleic acids

PHOSPHOROUS​: found in nucleic acids

MAJOR BIO-ELEMENTS

Some text here about the topic of discussion

the FOUR MAJOR biomolecules

1.carbohydrates (sugars and starches)

2.lipids (fats)

3.Proteins (enzymes and antibodies)

4.nucleic acids (DNA and RNA).

 

–Because they are large, these molecules are also called macromolecules. 

CARBOHYDRATES

(sugar and starch)

is QUICK ENERGY aka. Short term energy

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Types of Carbs

Mono saccharide: 1 sugar

Di saccharide: 2 sugars

Poly saccharide: >2 sugars

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a disaccharide?

Multiple Choice

Which of the following will take the most energy to break down?

Lipids

Fats, oils and waxes

-Made mainly of carbon and hydrogen (few oxygen)

-Fat best method of STORING

-forms cell membranes

-Insulates nerve cells and your body (maintains homeostasis)

Saturated vs Unsaturated Fats

Which do you think will be the "bad" fat?

Phospholipid

• are a type of lipid that form cell membranes. They have two parts: the hydrophilic, polar head (attracted to water) and the hydrophobic, non-polar tails (repelled by water). The tails have one more important feature. One of the tails is an unsaturated fatty acid, while the other is saturated. This means that they have two different shapes, as seen in the picture below.

LIPIDS store ENERGY (long term energy)

Lipids are used to store energy, similar to polysaccharides. Examples of lipids include fats, oils, waxes, hormones, and steroids. They are also polymers of fatty acids.

Lipids are non-polar molecules, so they are not soluble in polar solvents like water. This feature of lipids allows our bodies to use them as waterproof barriers.

Multiple Choice

What is the monomer of a Lipid?

• Nucleotide

• Saccharide

• Fatty Acids

• Saturated Fats

Phospholipid Bilayer

Two different layers of phospholipids form cell membranes. Because of this, cell membranes are also called phospholipid bilayers (bi means "two").

Steroids and Waxes

Steroids are often found in the cell membrane supporting its structure. The most common membrane steroid is cholesterol. Because the interior of the cell membrane is hydrophobic, things that go through it also have to be hydrophobic.

Steroids can also be used as signaling molecules. Hormones like estrogen and testosterone are released by some cells and received by others as signals to change and develop.

Finally, waxes are manufactured by organisms as a protective barrier against water and other contaminants.

Multiple Choice

Which type of Lipid is essential for your cell membrane to stay intact?

• Triglyceride

• Phospholipid

• Steroids

• Waxes

PROTEINS

Proteins are the workhorses of the cell. Virtually everything that goes on inside of cells happens as a result of the actions of proteins. Among other things, protein enzymes catalyze the vast majority of cellular reactions, mediate signaling, give structure both to cells and to multicellular organisms, and exert control over the expression of genes.

You dont need to memorize these. Think of them as letters that will form a word.

Protein mono/polymers

Proteins are made by linking together amino acids, with each protein having a characteristic and unique amino acid sequence. To get a sense for the diversity of proteins that can be made using 20 different amino acids

Structure of an amino acid

​Types of amino acids and how they bond

Multiple Choice

What type of reaction is this?

• Hydrolysis

• Dehydration synthesis

• Combustion

• Hydrogen b

Protein Structure

Proteins fold themselves 4 times (based on the amino acids they contain)

The shape of the structure determines it's function

Multiple Choice

Letter is to word is as ______ is to polypeptide

• monomer

• amino acid

• peptide bond

• dipeptide

Protein Denaturization

• Changes in pH and increase in Temperature can cause Proteins to lose their shape.

• If the Protein loses it's shape, it can lose it's function

Nucleic Acids

containing the genetic information coded inside the cell

Nucleotides

• The monomer of a nucleic acid is a nucleotide

• They contain: a 5-Carbon sugar and phosphate backbone

• They contain nitrogenous base pairs (as the steps)

BONDING ON PURINES AND PYRAMIDINES

​G and C form a triple bond

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A and T form a double bond​

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Multiple Select

DNA and RNA are similar in the following ways: (check all)

• the are double stranded helixes

• They contain nitrogenous base bairs A,C,G,T

• They contain the cell's genetic coded information

• They both contain a sugar called "ribose"

• They contain a sugar and phosphate "backbone"

Multiple Choice

in RNA: Adenosine always pairs with:

• Cytosine

• Guanine

• Thymine

• Uracil

Multiple Choice

Which biomolecules has a monomer of amino acids?

• nucleic acids

• proteins

• lipids

• carbohydrates

Multiple Choice

Which biomolecule can be denatured by Heat or pH changes?

• carbohydrate

• protein

• lipid

• nucleic acid

Multiple Choice

An enzyme would be placed in which category?

• carbohydrate

• lipid

• protein

• nucleic acid

Multiple Choice

This type of biomolecule provides our body with LONG TERM energy

• carbohydrate

• lipid

• protein

• nucleic acids

Multiple Select

Which biomolecules contain Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen only?

• Carbohydrates

• lipids

• proteins

• nucleic acids

Multiple Choice

If Lipids and carbs contain only C,H,O, what is their structural difference

• carbs are made of rings and lipids are chains

• carbs are made of chains and lipids are in rings

• carbs contain single bonds and lipids contain double bonds

• there is no difference

Multiple Choice

In DNA, Adosine pairs with:

• Cytosine

• Thymine

• Guanine

• Uracil

Multiple Choice

If you need a lot of quick energy for a soccer game, what should you eat?

• Juicy steak

• Spaghetti

• Large salad

• Dont eat. Drink water only.

GREAT JOB!