Evolution and Adaptation

Evolution and Adaptation

By Whitney Ratliff

Open Ended

Why do you believe that the Dinosaurs went extinct and other living things did not 65 millions years ago, even though they were all exposed to the same catastrophe?

It was their inability to Adapt which resulted in Extinction

Open Ended

What do you believe it means to adapt ? What benefit is there in adapting ?

What is adaptation?

Adjustments made which enables organisms to function unction better in an environment in the process ehance their chance of survival

Adaptations can be:

• Physical

• Physiological

• Behavioral

Physiological Adaptation

• These are processes which takes place internally which protects the organisms from the changes that takes place in the environment

• Ex. A snake produces toxin to protect itself

• An opposum playing dead to detract predator

Physical Adaptations

• External features that organism develop to help them adjust to the environment

• Ex. Cacti having prickles that prevent loss of water

• Hard shells on crabs

Open Ended

Type an example of physical adaptation

Behavioral

• These are actions that animals take in response to change in environment

• Ex. Bears hibernating in winter

• Snake hissing

• Dog growling

• Plants losing leaves in winter

Open Ended

Type an example of Behavioral Adaptation

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not a type of biological Adaptation?

• Behavioral

• Physiological

• Emotional

• Physical

Multiple Choice

Adaptations which allow organisms internal processes to adjust internally in a way that protects them

• Physical

• Biological

• Physiological

Multiple Choice

External body changes that enables organisms to adjust to environment

• Physical

• Physiological

• Behavioral

Multiple Choice

What type of adaptation is shown in picture ?

• Behavioral

• Physical

• Physiological

Open Ended

What term is used to describe an organism that change over Time as they adapt ?

Biological Evolution

How does evolution take place?

• Artificial Selection

• Natural Selection

Artificial selection

• Humans carefully select traits or characteristics that are passed on to offspring

Natural Selection

• Natural selection can be defined as the process by which nature randomly select traits in a consistent, orderly which enables an organism to adapt to its environment

• Mutation takes place during Natural Selection

Mutation

• Occur when there is a change in the way the DNA is replicated

• can result in organisms that are slightly different.  

• Most have no effect on the organism, but they can be passed down to the next generation.

• Overtime mutations could result in an entirely different organism

Survival of the fittest

• Organisms that can adapt are more likely to survive

• This is called Survival of the Fittest

Gradualism

• Changes are usually not sudden

• They show up gradually over time in each successive generation

• This is called Gradualism

Variation

• Variations are the differences that we observe in organisms of the same species

• Ex. Dog is a specie but there are differences in some features among breeds of dogs such as size or fur thickness

Multiple Choice

Selection of desired traits in organisms by humans

• Natural Selection

• Artificial selection

• Survival of the fittest

• Random selection

Multiple Choice

The random selection of traits in organisms without human interference

• Natural selection

• Artificial Selection

• survival of the fittest

Taxonomy

• Creating a system of classification allows scientists to examine the relationships between various organisms, and to construct evolutionary trees to explore the origins of life on Earth and the relationship of modern organisms to historical examples.  

Evolutionary Tree

From the 3 Domains 6 Kingdoms

• Animalia

• plantae

• Fungi

• Protista

• Eubacteria

• Archaebacteria

Kingdom subdivided:

• Phylum

• Class

• Order

• Family

• Genus

• Species

• All organisms that belong to a domain are said to be related

• The more they are grouped as they go down the different sub groups they more closely related they are

The difference

• They belong to different species

• The Coyote Latrans

• Gray Wolf lupus

• The coyote scientific name is Canis latrans

• The Grey Wolf Canis lupus

Evidence of Biologogical Evolution

• Homologous features

• Vestigial structures

• Genetics

• Embryological Similarities 

• Analogous features

Homologous Features

• Common features which indicate common ancestry

• Ex. the fore limb of whales , dogs , humans and bird appears the same

Analogous

• Similar features develop in organisms which are not related or share similar ancestry. 

•  Ex. arctic fox and the ptarmigan , both undergo seasonal changes of color from dark to snowy white.

• They are not related or share similar ancestry

Vestigial

structures

• Features which are homologous, but they are not functional

• Example tail bones in humans are homologous (Tail) but they are not functional 

Genetics

• All organisms contain DNA

• The combination of DNA determines offspring

• Combinations which are closer will appear similar

Embryo

• Most embryo of living things look alike

• Embryos have structures that are not present in the adult form

• As they develop they morphed into their specific specie

Fossils

• Related fossils found in different rock layers show how organisms changed over time

• These changes show evolutionary relationships among organisms

Multiple Choice

Features which are homologous but are not functional

• Homologous

• Vestigial

• Analogous

• Embryo

Multiple Choice

Similar features develop in organisms which are not related or share similar ancestry.

• Homologous

• Vestigial

• Analogous

• Embryo

Multiple Choice

Common features which indicate common ancestry

• Homologous

• Vestigial

• Analogous

• Embryo