adjectives &adverbs

adjectives &adverbs

V-ing ve V-ed formunda kullanılan sıfatlardan hangisinin kullanılacağına karar verirken neye dikkat ederiz?

The movie was such a fascinating one that we were all impressed

Tanımladıgımız isim

ETKİLEYEN Mİ yoksa ETKİLENEN pozisyonunda mı?

1.Eger isim etkileyen pozisyonunda ise V-ing formu, etkilenen pozisyonunda ise V-ed formu kullanırız.

2.Ya da, cümlede insan ile ilgili bilgi varsa genellikle V3, insan dışı birşeyle ilgili bilgi veriliyorsa Ving sıfat formu tercih edilebilir. (genellikle!)

3.Bir diğer dikkat edilecek nokta tanımlanan isme ait durumun henüz tamamlanmamış olup olmadığıdır.Tamamlanmamış durum için Ving, bitmiş olan durum için-ed takılı ya da V3 formu tercih etmeliyiz.

Sıfatlar isimleri ve zarflar da fiilleri niteler ancak sıfatlarla kullanılıp, zarflarla kullanılmayan bazı fiiller vardır:

• be , become: We became unpleased hearing the bad news

• prove: The method proved helpful

• get: They got suprised when we won the game

• remain / stay : I was tired and couldn't stay awake. / After 25 years, our friendship remained intact.

• seem / appear / look : You look pale. Are you ill?

• feel / taste / smell / sound: Your job sounds really interesting

Look / feel / taste / smell / sound fiilleri "like" ile beraber kullanıldıklarında kendilerinden sonra bir isim alırlar

• My pillow feels like a stone

• This article looks like the one we read yesterday

• It sounds like a good idea

• Your socks smell like rotten cheese

Multiple Choice

The admission of application is a ______________process, which will end next year.

• continued

• continuing

Multiple Choice

The USA is one of the few fully___________countries in the world.

• developed

• developing

Multiple Choice

I come home extremely ........ at the end of each day.

• exhausting

• exhausted

Multiple Choice

It was not ..... she failed her tests. She never studied.

• surprising

• surprised

Multiple Choice

Our new science teacher is very .............. We sit in his class like mice!

• frightened

• frightening

Multiple Choice

We were expecting to win, so a draw was a _________ result for us.

• disappointed

• disappointing

A compound adjective is an adjective which is made up of two parts and is usually written with a hypen.

well-dressed man / never-ending complaints / shocking-pink hair / brand-new car / tight-fitting jeans / two-faced politicians / big-headed actor / record-breaking dive / last-minute call /mouth-watering dish / time-consuming job / long-forgotten word / hard-up student / cast-off clothes / worn-out shoes / first-born child

Multiple Select

Tick the sentence that contains a compound adjective

• Sheila was horribly moody.

• We’d like you to be part of the decision-making process.

• The company showed steady improvement in their stock trades.

Multiple Choice

Mr. Chan likes to hear about new ideas. He is _______________.

• strong-minded

• absent-minded

• open-minded

• narrow-minded

Multiple Choice

Jessie was promoted so he bought himself a _____________car

• cast-off

• worn-out

• interest-free

• brand-new

• hard-up

Multiple Choice

"Is your brother well-off?" means__________

• Is your brother broke?

• Is your brother penniless?

• Is your brother rich?

• Is your brother well-cared?

Zarflar , genellikle sıfatlara -ly eki getirilerek elde edilir. Bu kurala uymayan zarflar da vardır, bunlara düzensiz zarflar denir.

• FAST / FAST

• EARLY / EARLY

• HARD / HARD

• GOOD / WELL

"late", "lately" / "hard", "hardly" ile karıştırılmamalıdır.

• Hardly "neredeyse hiç, zar zor anlamında kullanılmaktadır; "hardly ever, hardly any, hardly anywhere/ anything / anyone" gibi yapılarda kullanılır VE ANLAM OLARAK OLUMSUZLUK IFADE ETTİĞİ İÇİN GRAMER OLARAK OLUMLU CÜMLELERDE KULLANILIR!

• 
  

• 
  

• 
  

Ayrıca, sonuna her -ly eki alan kelime zarf olmayabilir, genellikle sıfatların sonunda da görülür.

FRIENDLY / COSTLY / DEADLY GİBİ KELİMELER SIFATTIR VE FİİL NİTELERKEN KULLANILMAZLAR!

Zarflar bir cümlede ya bir sıfatı ya da başka bir zarfı niteleyerek derecelerini artırır ya da doğrudan fiili niteler.

Multiple Select

1.The new improvements in the condition of the country are awfully great.

2.The space crafts are still going on being upgraded continuously.

3.She behaved unexpectedly cowardly and didn't want to face with him.

• 1.cümlede "great" sıfatı nitelenmiştir

• 2.cümlede "being upgraded" fiili nitelenmiştir

• 3.cümlede "cowardly" zarfı nitelenmiştir

DERECELENDİRME ZARFLARI

• BADLY / AWFULLY / TERRIBLY ZARFLARI KENDİ ASIL ANLAMLARI "KÖTÜ ŞEKİLDE" DIŞINDA "ÇOK FAZLA/ OLDUKÇA" ANLAMINDA DA KULLANILIRLA

• I'm terribly sorry . / He is a terribly funny man.

• Why do you want to leave school so badly?

• We have to work awfully hard this semester.

Derecelendirme bildiren diğer zarflar:

• TOO (GEREĞİNDEN ÇOK ANLAMINDADIR / SIFAT VEYA ZARF NİTELER / OLUMSUZDUR)

• KENDİNDEN ÖNCE "RATHER" "FAR" "A LITTLE" "A BIT" "MUCH" ZARFLARINI ALARAK NİTELENEBİLİR.

• I have far too much exam anxiety.

• This boy is a little too shy.

• The cafe is a bit too crowded

• The questions in the proficiency exam were much too hard.

BARELY / HARDLY / SCARCELY / LITTLE

• OLUMSUZ ANLAM İÇERİRLER, BULUNDUKLARI CÜMLEDE YAPI OLARAK OLUMLU ANCAK ANLAM OLARAK NEGATİF BİR ÇAĞRIŞIM VARDIR

• BARELY / HARDLY /SCARCELY ZARFLARI HEM "NEREDEYSE HİÇ" HEM DE "ZAR ZOR / GÜÇ BELA" ANLAMINDA KULLANILIRKEN LITTLE ZARFI SADECE "NEREDEYSE HİÇ" ANLAMINDA KULLANILIR!

• The professor little knew about his new assistant.

• He scarcely managed not to crash into the parked car.

• I hardly slept last night.

• Hardly a day goes by without a scandalous event.

ALMOST / NEARLY / PRACTICALLY / VIRTUALLY

• "NEREDEYSE" ANLAMI TAŞIRLAR

• VIRTUALLY ZARFI DİĞER 3 ZARFTAN FARKLI OLARAK "GERÇEKTEN" ANLAMINDA DA KULLANILIR

• The lorry almost / practically / nearly ran over the poor old lady.

• The earthquake causing one thousand deaths was virtually a calamity.

• 
  

• 
  

Multiple Choice

1.We barely / scarcely / hardly overcame the unforeseen troubles.

2.We almost / nearly / practically overcame the unforeseen troubles

Which sentence has the meaning "We couldn't overcome the troubles"?

• 1st sentence

• 2nd sentence

• Both

FAIRLY / QUITE / RATHER

• Bu zarflar "oldukça" anlamında kullanılır, ancak "quite" zarfının "tamamen" anlamı da vardır. Bu anlamda "rather" ve "fairly" kullanılmaz.

Multiple Choice

I haven't _________completed the whole design yet.

• fairly

• quite

• rather

• scarcely

Bir diğer nokta oldukça anlamında kullanılan "fairly" sadece sıfat ve zarfları nitelerken, "quite" ve "rather" sıfat ve zarflara ek olarak fiilleri de niteler

It was fairly /quite / rather difficult to answer that question.

He played fairly /quite / rather well and scored two goals.

I rather disapprove of her attitude towards children.

I quite like his manners.

FAIRLY /QUITE /RATHER tekil bir isimle ADJ+NOUN yapısında kullanılacaksa:

a/an +fairly (a fairly old car)

quite +a /an (quite an old car)

a/an +rather - rather+a/an (a rather old car/ rather an old car)

SENTENCE ADVERBS

• WRONGLY / RIGHTLY / UNKUCKILY / LUCKILY / UNFORTUNATELY / OBVIOUSLY / SURELY / MAYBE / PERHAPS / REALLY / NATURALLY / CLEARLY / UNDOUBTEDLY / POSSIBLY / ADMITTEDLY / EVIDENTLY / CERTAINLY / PERSONALLY

• INDEED / IN FACT / FRANKLY / HONESTLY / PRESUMABLY / DEFINITELY / OF COURSE / SURPRISINGLY / SERIOUSLY / ANNOYINGLY

• Bu zarflar bütün bir cümleyi niteleyerek, konuşmacının olaya bakışını ve tutumunu anlatır.

FOCUSING ADVERBS (VURGU ZARFLARI)

• Cümlenin belli bir öğesini vurgulamak için genelde niteleyecekleri öğeden hemen öncekullanılan zarflardır.

• EVEN / EITHER / ALSO / NOTABLY / PRIMARILY / ESPECIALLY / EXCLUSIVELY / PARTICULARLY / JUST / PURELY / MERELY / SIMPLY / ONLY / SOLELY / MOSTLY / MAINLY / CHIEFLY / EXACTLY / AS WELL

• This is exactly what I've been trying to illustrate.

• Some countries, especially Germany and France ,will not attend the summit.

• He did not even say anything to her, and she did not speak to him either.

COMPARATIVE (KIYASLAMA YAPILARI)

• Zarflarla ilgili kıyaslama yapılacaksa sonu -ly ile biten zarflar önlerine "more" alır. ( EARLY İSTİSNADIR "EARLIER" )

• more hastily / more frankly / more carefully....etc.

DÜZENSİZ SIFATLAR VE ZARFLAR

good / better

bad / worse

much / more

many / more

little / less

FAR

FARTHER:(DAHA UZAK)

Our hotel is farther from the sea than yours.

FURTHER: (DAHA FAZLA)

Do you have any further comments?

Multiple Choice

We're nearly out of fuel. _______, we 're hundreds of miles away from the nearest village

• further

• farther

Multiple Choice

We intend to stay a _____________ two weeks.

• further

• farther

Multiple Choice

Some boats eventually floated ashore. And some boats, like me, seemed to float __________ from land.

• further and further

• farther and farther

OLD

OLDER: (DAHA YAŞLI /ESKİ)

With the touch of make-up she wore and her hair done differently she looked older.

ELDER: (AİLE BİREYLERİNDEN BÜYÜK OLANI)

My elder sister is retired.

LATE

LATER (DAHA SONRA)

He arrived later than us.

LATTER ( İKİ ŞEYDEN İKİNCİSİ)

I saw two films yesterday. The latter was outstanding.

*Eğer iki şeyden bahsediyorsak birinci için "the former" yapısını kullanırız.

Multiple Choice

............................ Among the former, the outstanding

factor is the soil, and of the latter, education is

the most noteworthy, as the means of guiding

the new generations so that they may contribute

to general progress.

• Schooling in rural areas tends to be

  based around agricultural matters

• Young people today, growing up

  outside urban areas, are more

  inclined to aim for university

• Before the building of a new house

  an important consideration is the ,

  quality of the land

• The development of any region is

  determined by physical as well as

  cultural factors

• Moving from one area to another

  involves looking at more features

  than Just the location

Comparative yapıların derecelerini artırmak için sıklıkla kullanılan zarflar:

far / rather / any / no / nearly / almost / scarcely / hardly / even / a little / much / a lot / a bit / many

This answer sounds rather better than the previous one.

We were able to reach a much more logical conclusion after a long debate.

Her car is a lot more comfortable than mine.

You look far better today.

Multiple Choice

Children who have received special attention from trained teachers typically have________IQs_________ the children who have not.

• higher / than

• so high / that

• very high / but

• both high / and

• the highest / or

Multiple Choice

More than 29 million Africans are now infected with HIV, and the disease is killing ____Africans_____all the continent's wars combined.

• so many / as

• either / or

• more / than

• not only / but also

• both / and

The more ......the more.......

"ne kadar.......o kadar......."

The longer you work, the more you earn.

The more money we have, the greater worries we have

The less you know, the better you sleep.

Multiple Choice

_______an organization depends on collaborative arrangements,_____likely it is to lose control over decisions.

• Not only / but also

• Neither / Nor

• Either / or

• When / then

• The more / the more

The sooner the treatment started, the better the chance of discovery.1

AS.........AS / SO........AS

Karşılaştırma yaparken kullandığımız bu iki ifadenin arasına sıfat ya da zarf getirilebilir. SO....AS YAPISINI GENELDE OLUMSUZ CÜMLELERDE KULLANIRIZ.

Bu ifadeleri many/much/few/little ile de kullanırız.

You should drive as carefully as you can in order not to have an accident.

Living in the country doesn't cost as/ so much as living in big cities.

We intend to invite as few people to the wedding ceremony as possible.

In the neighbourhood as many as 10 to 14 percent of patients who go to see their doctor have depression.

As.......As / So......As yapısı normalde "adj+noun" almaz ancak, arada kullanılacak isim tekil ve sayılabilen bir isimse "adj + a/an + noun" alabilir.

I hadn't expected their team to get as high a score as they did.

We haven't met so / as studious a boy as him so far.

SUCH............AS

I haven't seen such awful weather as this so far here.

It's not an easy job to find such useful methods as these in chemistry.

The teacher didn't expect me to get such a high score as they did, but I managed it.

As/So.....As ve Such....As yapılarını "yapacak kadar" anlamında kullanırken:

He isn't so qualified as to get the post without some additional training.

She isn't such aqualified candidate as to deal with all these diplomatic troubles.

Karşılaştırdığımız özelliğin kaç kat olduğunu belirteceksek:

"half / twice as......as "

"twice ...-er than..."

"three times more........than"

gibi yapılar kullanırız.

It is not possible for me to earn half as much as she does /does she.

The second mid-term was really at least twice as difficult as the previous one

as/so....as yapısı ikinci kısımdaki as yapısının ardından nesne, düz cümle ya da devrik cümle ile tamamlanabilir

He hasn't done so well in life as his sister because he 's been given fewer chances.

Women are twice as likely to get depression as men

Few events have so powerfully influenced the poitical and economic development of our world as 11th September terrorist attacks

The same.......as

Bu yapı araya isim getirilerek kullanılır ve iki şeyin aynı olduğu anlamını verir.

Tony is the same weight as I am.

Her grades are the same as mine. (The same as yapısı bir bütün olarak da kullanılabilir)

Ya da cümlenin ikinci yarısı yoksa "the same" şeklinde de kullanılır:

Our grades are the same.

So + adj / adv + that (o kadar.......ki)

Sonuç bildiren bir yapıdır ve tekil bir isim ile kullanılacaksa "adj + a/an +noun" şeklinde kullanılır. "many/much/few/little" ile de kullanılır.

The exam was so difficult that few people were able to pass.

She was so efficient a secretary that the boss promoted her before long.

She had so little experience that she cannot do this on her own.

so.........that yapısını devrik olarak da kullanabiliriz

The exam was so difficult that few people were able to pass.

So difficult was the exam that few people were able to pass.

Such + adj + noun + that (o kadar..... ki)

He is such an influential person that he can do whatever he wants.

They have such severe problems that money itself cannot be enough.

I have such self-confidence that I think I can pass any exam

such+noun+that yapısını kullanmak da mümkündür

These works are of such importance that they should be published at any cost.

Such....that yapısını miktar ifadeleri "a lot of","a few" ve "a little" ile de kullanırız

We have such a lot of resources that you will not need anything else.

Bu yapıyı devrik cümle ile de kullanırız:

Such a difficult exam was it that few people were able to pass.

TOO + ADJ / ADV+ TO + VERB

-EMEYECEK KADAR

The coffee is too hot to drink

There is too much noise to hear you.

It was too complicated a question to answer in two minutes.

many/ few / little / much + noun

adj + a/an + noun

ENOUGH

adj / adv + enough + to + verb

enough + noun + to + verb

She is not old enough to get a driving licence.

She doesn't speak slowly enough to understand.

She doesn't have enough experience to get the post.

Multiple Choice

Obtaining nutrients is of ____vital importance_____both individual organisms and ecosystems are structured around the central theme of nutrition, the process of taking in and using food.

• more / than

• such / that

• so /as

• much /like

• either /or

Multiple Choice

Computers and word processors have become_____commonplace these days ______the traditional typewriter is virtually obsolete.

• more / than

• such a lot / that

• so / that

• less / as much

• the most / even than

Multiple Choice

Slow-motion photography can reveal things that happen____fast for the human eye to see.

• more

• as

• than

• too

• such

Multiple Choice

Some of the doctors are paid almost twice_______the nurses

• so many that

• the same

• many more

• so many as

• as much as

Multiple Choice

Surveys often reveal that ____half of all the teenage entrepreneurs that have recently emerged in the United States are firstborn children, and many are from immigrant families.

• as much as

• more than

• so little

• too many

• such a little

Multiple Choice

_____ many women her age, she struggled to find a balance between her career and her children.

• Like

• As

• Such as

• Such

• Alike

Multiple Choice

Perhaps ______swimmers have been drowned by cramp_____by anything else, and only those who have suffered from it can conceive its fatal power.

• too many / as

• more / than

• as much / as

• not only / but

• less / as much

Multiple Choice

Poor countries cannot afford social services and old age pensions and people's incomes are______low _______they have nothing to spare for savings.

• more / than

• such a / that

• too much / as

• as much / as

• so / that

Multiple Choice

When one particular crop ____sugar or coffee makes up too high a prportion of a country's economy, then the country becomes toodependent on the price of that commodity on the world market.

• too many

• similarly

• so much

• such as

• as

Multiple Choice

In Europe, only France has taken the problem_____to appoint a government official responsible for "free-time".

• as serious as

• the most seriously

• such seriously

• too serious

• seriously enough

Multiple Choice

The computer enlarges brainpower in______way _____other man-made machines enlarge muscle power.

• the same / that

• so / as

• such a / as

• more / than

• very much / than

Multiple Choice

Girls do enjoy playing with toy cars and train sets, but are rarely given these ________presents

• like

• so many

• similarly

• alike

• as

Multiple Choice

The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution is known _____its pH.

• like

• such as

• more

• many as

• as

Multiple Choice

_______ a child begins using a headset, ______damage can accumulate because loud noise causes hearing loss by killing irreplaceable hair cells in the inner ear.

• Either / or

• Many / more

• Such / that

• The earlier / the more

• The same / as

Multiple Choice

You can look at this plan for the new sports centre_____closely_____you like but I don't think you will be able to understand it.

• so / that

• such/that

• as/ as

• more /than

• just / as

Multiple Choice

Human activity has destroyed_________plant species that collective action is essential for the conservation of those that remain.

• more

• so many

• many more

• the most

• as many

Multiple Choice

The term "health illeteracy" refers to the condition where aperson knows ________about medical information and how to use it that it negatively affects his or her access to the health-care system.

• few

• as such

• many

• so little

• a few

Multiple Choice

Certainly, all teenage entrepreneurs possess qualities _____ingenuity, a good intellect, a healthy sense of self, inner drive, and a clear-cut purpose.

• so many as

• likewise

• as many

• alike

• such as

Multiple Choice

The news circulated ______quickly around the office ______by the end of the day, everyone had heard it.

• such / that

• too / rather than

• as / as

• more / than

• so / that

Superlative yapılar, zaman ya da bir grup ifade eden sözcüklerle beraber kullanılırken "of" kullanılır. "Among" ile de grup ifade edilir. Ayrıca superlative yapılarda "ever" da yaygın olarak kullanılır.

Muhammed Ali is the best boxer of all times.

This is the largest bacterium ever identified.

He is the most talented among all the students at school.

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

GOOD - BETTER - THE BEST

BAD - WORSE - THE WORST

MUCH - MORE - THE MOST

MANY - MORE - THE MOST

LITTLE - LESS - THE LEAST

FAR / THE FARTHEST / THE FURTHEST

OLD / THE OLDEST / THE ELDEST

LATE / THE LATEST / THE LAST

Superlative yapılar / by far / quite /much / almost / nearly / altogether gibi derecelendirme zarflarıyla nitelendiriliebilir.

• by far / of (all) / among / in edatları bir grubu ifade ettiği için superlative yapı tercih edilmeli!

She is by far the most hardworking student in class.

Of all the applicants, she seems to be the most effective.

It's for sure that I am quite the worst member of the team.

More / Most / Least / Better ve Best yapıları önlerine "the" almadıklarında fiilleri de nitelerler

I like cats best among pets.

The famous actors most fear that they may lose their fame one day.

Of these two selective courses, I want to take The History of Music better.

MOST + adjective / adverb

most yapısı önünde "the" olmadan bir sıfat ya da zarfın önünde kullanıldığında "very" anlamına gelir.

She played her part most skillfully.

It was a most beautiful morning.

LIKE / AS / SUCH AS

• Nothing tastes like home-made lemonade. (similarity)

• I worked as a shop assistant for two years. (job)

• He used his coat as a blanket to keep warm. (function)

• The shop specialises in tropical fruits, like /such as pineapples, mangoes and papayas. (giving example)

  
  

The article regards the idea as an advancing cultural element that enhances our lives.

Multiple Choice

The texture of the rock suggested it came from an asteroid and not from a loose, sooty ice ball ______ a comet.

• including

• like

• as

• as well as

Multiple Choice

Eating disorders ____anorexia nervosa, are particularly common in adolescents.

• allowing for

• in case of

• despite

• such as

• regarding

Multiple Choice

Deep-sea diving can cause medical problems ____air embolism and decompression sickness which can be fatal if not treated promptly.

• as regards

• as far as

• also

• such as

• just as