G12: CHAPTER 1. SECTIONS 1-2

G12: CHAPTER 1. SECTIONS 1-2

OBJECTIVES:

-EXPLAIN ISOMERS (REVIEW)

-EXPLAIN,IDENTIFY, AND NAME (IUPAC) ALKANES

-EXPLAIN FUNCTIONAL AND ALKYL GROUPS

-EXPLAIN ALLOTROPES AND GIVE EXAMPLES

-COMPARE IONIC AND COVALENT BONDING

ISOMERS

• RECALL: ISOMERS HAVE THE SAME CHEMICAL FORMULA BUT DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT OF THEIR ATOMS/STRUCTURE

• HYDROCARBONS AND ALKANES THAT WE OBSERVED IN PREVIOUS LESSONS WERE ALSO EXAMPLES OF ISOMERS

NAMING ALKANES

• HERE'S AN EXAMPLE AN VIDEO OF HOW TO NAME ALKANES

ALKANES

-ALKANES= SATURATED HYDROCARBONS (COVALENT SINGLE BOND BETWEEN C)

EX: C-C

ALKENES= UNSATURATED (COVALENT DOUBLE BONDS BETWEEN C)

EX: C=C

ALYKYL GROUPS

• An alkyl is a functional group of an organic chemical that contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms, which are arranged in a chain (usually missing one H)

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FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

• HYRDROCARBONS AND ISOMERS CAN OFTEN HAVE OTHER FUNCTIONAL GROUPS ADDED TO THEM OR SUBSTITUTED WITHIN THE COMPOUND

• THESE GROUPS ARE OFTEN SUBSTITUTED FUNCTIONAL GROUPS OR ALKYL GROUPS (TYPE OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP)

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some additional notes:

OH is a functional group known as alcohols

​propane and methane are examples of hydrocarbons

groups substituted into hydrocarbon chains are known as functional groups

example: esters ( O=C-O) are used in chemical scents in flavors; this is a functional group that can be substituted into a hydrocarbon chain/compound

ALLOTROPES

• ALLTROPHY=DIFFERENT FORMS OF SAME ELEMENT

• ALLOTROPES=ELEMENTS THAT EXIST IN 2 OR MORE DIFFERENT FORMS; ATOMS ARRANGED IN DIFFERENT GEOMETRIC PATTERNS

• EX: DIAMONDS AND GRAPHITE= CARBON

ALLOTROPES

-EXAMPLES OF OXYGEN ALLOTROPES= DIOXYGEN/OZONE

-EXAMPLE OF NITROGEN ALLOTROPE= DINITROGEN

-EXAMPLES OF SULFUR ALLOTROPES= ALPHA-SULFUR(EXIST AT LOWER TEMP.) AND BETA-SULFUR (EXIST AT HIGHER TEMP--95.5 CELSIUS)

-DIFFERENT ALLOTROPES CAN EXIST UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS, SUCH AS TEMPERATURE

-ANOTHER EXAMPLE: DIAMONDS ARE AN ALLOTROPHIC FORM OF CARBON THAT CAN FORM GIANT MOELECULAR SOLIDS