Evolution and Adaptation

Change over time (Evolution and Adaptation)

Open Ended

Why do you believe that the Dinosaurs went extinct and other living things did not 65 millions years ago, even though they were all exposed to the same catastrophe?

It was their inability to Adapt which resulted in Extinction

Open Ended

What do you believe it means to adapt ? What benefit is there in adapting ?

What is adaptation?

Adjustments made which enables organisms to function unction better in an environment in the process ehance their chance of survival

Adaptations can be:

• Physical

• Physiological

• Behavioral

Physiological Adaptation

• These are processes which takes place internally which protects the organisms from the changes that takes place in the environment

• Ex. A snake produces toxin to protect itself

• An opposum playing dead to detract predator

Open Ended

Type an example of physiological adaptation

Physical Adaptations

• External features that organism develop to help them adjust to the environment

• Ex. Cacti having prickles that prevent loss of water

• Hard shells on crabs

Open Ended

Type an example of physical adaptation

Behavioral

• These are actions that animals take in response to change in environment

• Ex. Bears hibernating in winter

• Snake hissing

• Dog growling

• Plants losing leaves in winter

Open Ended

Type an example of Behavioral Adaptation

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not a type of biological Adaptation?

• Behavioral

• Physiological

• Emotional

• Physical

Multiple Choice

Adaptations which allow organisms internal processes to adjust internally in a way that protects them

• Physical

• Biological

• Physiological

Multiple Choice

External body changes that enables organisms to adjust to environment

• Physical

• Physiological

• Behavioral

Multiple Choice

Changes in activities that enhances survival

• Behavioral

• Physical

• Physiological

Multiple Choice

What type of adaptation is shown in picture ?

• Behavioral

• Physical

• Physiological

Multiple Choice

What type of adaptation is shown in picture ?

• Behavioral

• Physiological

• Physical

Open Ended

What term is used to describe an organism that change over Time as they adapt ?

Biological Evolution

How does evolution take place?

• Artificial Selection

• Natural Selection

Artificial selection

• Humans carefully select traits or characteristics that are passed on to offspring

Natural Selection

• Natural selection can be defined as the process by which nature randomly select traits in a consistent, orderly which enables an organism to adapt to its environment

• Mutation takes place during Natural Selection

Mutation

• Occur when there is a change in the way the DNA is replicated

• can result in organisms that are slightly different.  

• Most have no effect on the organism, but they can be passed down to the next generation.

• Overtime mutations could result in an entirely different organism

Survival of the fittest

• Organisms that can adapt are more likely to survive

• This is called Survival of the Fittest

Gradualism

• Changes are usually not sudden

• They show up gradually over time in each successive generation

• This is called Gradualism

Variation

• Variations are the differences that we observe in organisms of the same species

• Ex. Dog is a specie but there are differences in some features among breeds of dogs such as size or fur thickness

Multiple Choice

Selection of desired traits in organisms by humans

• Natural Selection

• Artificial selection

• Survival of the fittest

• Random selection

Multiple Choice

The random selection of traits in organisms without human interference

• Natural selection

• Artificial Selection

• survival of the fittest

Charles Darwin

• Called Father of Evolution

• Noticed that different finches on Galapagos Island had different beaks from mainland finches

• Each beak was suited to food that was available in particular location

• He concluded that Nature determined the beaks of the different finches over time

• Darwin unlike Jean Baptiste Lamarck believe new specie evolved from existing species

• He believed that all living things are of common descent

• As organisms are descended there are modifications which makes them able to survive in environment

Multiple Choice

Who is called the father of Evolution?

• Albert Einstein

• Charles Darwin

• Gregor Mendel

• Garfield Baker

Multiple Choice

The name of the island and birds he observed when he traveled to South America are

• Galapagos ; Finches

• Jamaica; finches

• Galapagos; parrots

• Galapagos ;eagles

Taxonomy

• Creating a system of classification allows scientists to examine the relationships between various organisms, and to construct evolutionary trees to explore the origins of life on Earth and the relationship of modern organisms to historical examples.  

Evolutionary Tree

• 3 Domains

• BACTERIA : One cell, no nucleus

• ARCHAEA: One celled organized nucleus and cell wall

• EUKARYA : Single or multi cell, Nucleus, heterotroph or autotroph

  
  

From the 3 Domains 6 Kingdoms

• Animalia

• plantae

• Fungi

• Protista

• Eubacteria

• Archaebacteria

Kingdom subdivided:

• Phylum

• Class

• Order

• Family

• Genus

• Species

• All organisms that belong to a domain are said to be related

• The more they are grouped as they go down the different sub groups they more closely related they are

Ex. Coyote and Wolf

• Eukarya : Domain

• Animalia : Kingdom

• Phylum : Chordata

• Class : Mammalia

• Order : Carnivora

• Family : Canidae

• Genus : Canis

The difference

• They belong to different species

• The Coyote Latrans

• Gray Wolf lupus

• The coyote scientific name is Canis latrans

• The Grey Wolf Canis lupus

Evidence of Biologogical Evolution

• Homologous features

• Vestigial structures

• Genetics

• Embryological Similarities 

• Analogous features

Homologous Features

• Common features which indicate common ancestry

• Ex. the fore limb of whales , dogs , humans and bird appears the same

Analogous

• Similar features develop in organisms which are not related or share similar ancestry. 

•  Ex. arctic fox and the ptarmigan , both undergo seasonal changes of color from dark to snowy white.

• They are not related or share similar ancestry

Vestigial

structures

• Features which are homologous, but they are not functional

• Example tail bones in humans are homologous (Tail) but they are not functional 

Genetics

• All organisms contain DNA

• The combination of DNA determines offspring

• Combinations which are closer will appear similar

Embryo

• Most embryo of living things look alike

• Embryos have structures that are not present in the adult form

• As they develop they morphed into their specific specie

Fossils

• Related fossils found in different rock layers show how organisms changed over time

• These changes show evolutionary relationships among organisms

Multiple Choice

Features which are homologous but are not functional

• Homologous

• Vestigial

• Analogous

• Embryo

Multiple Choice

Similar features develop in organisms which are not related or share similar ancestry.

• Homologous

• Vestigial

• Analogous

• Embryo

Multiple Choice

Common features which indicate common ancestry

• Homologous

• Vestigial

• Analogous

• Embryo

Geological Change

Geological Evolution

• Geological Evolution refers to the changes Earth undergo over time

Open Ended

What are some ways in which the environment of the community you live in has changed over the past 5 years?

Open Ended

What are some ways you believe Earth has changed over time?

Multiple Choice

What term is given to the large supercontinent that existed may years ago?

• Pathalassa

• Pangea

• Nebula

• Eurasia

Multiple Choice

What term is given to one large ocean that existed before the supercontinent split?

• Pangea

• Panthalassa

• Euraisa

Multiple Choice

What is the name of the theory that explains how the continent became separated ?

• Continental Slide

• Continental break away

• Continental Drift

• Continental Shake

Multiple Choice

Who first proposed the theory of Continental Drift ?

• Charles Darwin

• Albert Einstein

• Alfred Wegner

• Gregor Mendel

Open Ended

What evidence do you believe exist today that can be used to prove that the Earth was once one large landmass?

Changes in Earth

• Formation of new features

• Change in Climate

• Sea Level

• Breakdown of Features that once existed

Formation of new features

• Earths crust has changed over time due to plate tectonics

• There was once one large supercontinent called Pangea

• The large body of water is called Panthalassa

• Overtime the continent split in what is termed Continental Drift

Alfred Wegner was the person who first proposed the idea the continents as they are today were once large body but broken apart in what is termed Continental drift

What is responsible for Continental Drift ?

• Wegner first theorized that the movement of the Earth was what resulted in Continental Drift

• Today we know the result is because of Plate Tectonic

What is Plate Tectonic

• Plate Tectonics is the movement of the Earth's Crust which are located on huge slab of Rocks which are cracked called plates

• Beneath the plates are molten material which move through Convection

• As this molten material move the plates move

Results of Plate Tectonic

• Seafloor Spreading

• Trenches

• Volcanoes

• Islands

• Faults

Multiple Choice

What term is given to the large supercontinent that existed may years ago?

• Pathalassa

• Pangea

• Nebula

• Eurasia

Multiple Choice

Who first proposed the theory of Continental Drift ?

• Charles Darwin

• Albert Einstein

• Alfred Wegner

• Gregor Mendel

Multiple Choice

What term is given to one large ocean that existed before the supercontinent split?

• Pangea

• Panthalassa

• Euraisa

Multiple Choice

Who first proposed the theory of Continental Drift ?

• Charles Darwin

• Albert Einstein

• Alfred Wegner

• Gregor Mendel

Evidence for Continental Drift

• Jig Saw Puzzle

• Fossils

• Animals and Plants living today

Jig saw Puzzle

• The continent of South America and AFrica when come together appears t fit

• This indicate that they were once together

• 
  

Fossils

• Fossils of similar organisms found in South America are also found in West Africa

• For example the Mesosaurus found in both continents would be too large and swim too long

• This indicate that at some point they were in same place

Other Geological Changes

• Rise in temperature causing snow to melt and a rise in sea-level

• Land is lost in the process

Other Geological Changes

• Weathering and Erosion

• Features that were once in existence are removed or modified by the force of Water and Wind

• For Ex. the grand canyon was formed as a result of water

Open Ended

What is one evidence that can be used to justify the theory of Continental Drift ?

Multiple Choice

The geological theory that states that pieces of Earth's lithosphere are in constant, slow motion is the theory of

• subduction
• plate tectonics
• evolution
• seafloor spreading

Multiple Choice

What type of evidence was NOT used by Alfred Wegener to support his continental drift hypothesis?

• evidence from landforms
• evidence from fossils
• evidence from human remains
• evidence from climate

Multiple Choice

What is Pangaea?

• the name of a German scientist
• the name of the super-continent that existed millions of years ago
• another name for continental drift
• the name of an ancient fossil

Multiple Choice

What two specific continents fit together most noticeably?

• Africa and North America
• South America and Europe
• South America and Africa
• Antartica and Africa

Multiple Choice

What does the theory of continental drift state?

• The continents were once joined in a super-continent and have moved over time
• Continents are stationary and do not move
• The Earth is broken into lithospheric plates that move due to convection currents
• none of the above

Multiple Choice

Who is the person credited with developing the theory of continental drift?

• Harry Hess

• Galileo

• Alfred Wegener

• Newton

Multiple Choice

Who is the person credited with developing the theory of continental drift?

• Harry Hess
• Galileo
• Alfred Wegener
• Newton

Human Impact on Earth

• Deforestation

• Agriculture

• Housing

• Using Fossil fuels which result in Pollution

• Pollution from Fossil fuel can cause Global warming