PMA 2 Review-2021/22

PMA 2 Review

2021

Multiple Choice

DDT and other pesticides used over 50 years ago are still affecting the environment today. Scientists have found these substances in recent glacier runoff. Glacier runoff occurs during the summer, when precipitation that has fallen on glaciers during the winter is released. Ice layers from existing glaciers have been analyzed. The results of this analysis show that the concentrations of DDT and other pesticides were highest about 10 years after the use of these substances was banned. This information shows that:

• DDT and other pesticides cause glacier runoff during the summer.

• it takes humans over 50 years to analyze a glacier.

• precipitation helps to break down pesticides.

• the decision of one human generation may have an impact on future generations.

Multiple Choice

A builder is proposing a new housing development in an area of western Massachusetts. Construction of the housing development will destroy the wetland habitat in the area. Which of the following would be the most likely consequence of the wetland’s destruction?

• The wetland plant species would disperse to adjacent meadow habitats.

• The populations of wetland animals would be unable to survive in that area.

• The wetland animal species would survive by interbreeding with non-wetland species.

• The populations of wetland plants would evolve to disperse seeds by wind rather than water.

Multiple Choice

New fuels are being produced by converting corn and grasses into compounds containing alcohols that can be broken down for energy in various engines. The purpose of this research is to

• reduce the use of non-renewable resources.

• increase the rate of air pollution.

• reduce the rate of homeostasis in organisms.

• cause a loss of biodiversity in the rain forests.

Multiple Choice

You have been studying population growth of a species of Paramecium, a single celled organism for 18 days. Food was occasionally added to the test tube in which the paramecia were grown. According to the diagram, what is the carrying capacity of the test-tube environment as long as food is added?

• about 10 paramecia

• about 50 paramecia

• about 65 paramecia

• about 100 paramecia

Multiple Choice

Jenn is studying a population of fish found in a pond that has a decreasing carrying capacity. Which of the following factors is least likely decrease the carrying capacity of her fish?

• drought

• flooding

• food shortages

• a freeze

Multiple Choice

An animal population decreases from 800 individuals to 600 individuals. Which of the following could explain this change in population size?

• The population size of the animal’s predator increased.

• The emigration rate of the animals from the population decreased.

• The number of breeding pairs in the animal’s population increased.

• The number of species competing with the animal for food decreased.

Multiple Choice

The diagram shows how an area progresses over time after a forest fire. What process is illustrated by the diagram in boxes 4-8 after the forest fire?

• pioneer speciation

• primary succession

• secondary succession

• ecosystem boundaries

Multiple Choice

After a fire, a few organisms are able to begin growing from the decaying organic matter left behind. What do we call those organisms that are able to grow in little or no soil that first appear?

• grass

• lichen or moss

• non-vascular plants

• decomposers

Multiple Choice

A biologist compares how different ecosystems undergo succession. She divides the series of events that happen during primary and secondary succession into three different stages. Which feature might be used to distinguish secondary succession from primary succession?

• the lack of pioneer species in the second stage

• the presence of pioneer species in the final stage

• the presence of trees and large plants in the final stage

• the presence of soil and organic matter in the first stage.

Multiple Choice

Many fish and aquatic plants can survive a cold winter because the layer of ice that forms at the top of the lake insulates the water below and prevents the lake from freezing solid. What unique property of water contributes to this effect?

• Water absorbs heat when it evaporates and forms a gas

• Water expands and becomes less dense when it freezes.

• Water molecules completely separate into ions in solutions.

• Water forms hydrogen bonds with ions and other polar substances.

Multiple Choice

Water is often called the "universal solvent" because many substances can be dissolved in water. What property of water allows it to be such a versatile solvent?

• purity

• polarity and cohesion

• high heat capacity

• expansion upon freezing

Multiple Choice

Water makes up approximately 60% of the human body and plays a vital role in regulating body temperature. Which property of water makes it good at regulating temperature?

• Water is a good solvent.

• Water exhibits strong cohesion.

• Water has an unusual crystalline structure.

• Water has a high capacity for heat.

Multiple Choice

The images below show labeled work from a student trying to match the names of the mechanisms of evolution to the images. Which of the following images is labeled correctly?

Multiple Choice

Two distinct populations of the same fish species live in two ponds separated by land. A violent hurricane produces a storm surge that destroys the land dividing the ponds, causing the waters to merge. The two ponds merge becoming one big pond with fish from each population swimming around. Which answer correctly explains what evolutionary mechanism will affect the fish populations due to this flooding?

• Gene flow will affect the fish populations because there will be a transfer of genes across populations.

• Genetic drift will affect the fish populations because the removal of a geographic barrier will lead to migration.

• Mutation will affect the fish populations because the hurricane will cause the DNA to change to adapt to the new environment.

• Natural selection will affect the fish populations because the fish will only reproduce with individuals from their original populations.

Multiple Choice

A pond ecosystem is shown in the diagram below. Which statement describes an interaction that helps maintain the dynamic equilibrium of this ecosystem?

• A.The frogs make energy available to this ecosystem through the process of photosynthesis.

• The algae directly provide food for both the rotifers and the catfish.

• The green-backed heron provides energy for the mosquito larvae.

• The catfish population helps control the populations of water boatman and waterfleas.

Multiple Choice

A team of ecologists observed feeding patterns of several populations in the desert. Which of the following best explains the difference in the amount of available energy in the trophic levels of the desert ecosystem?

• There is less energy available in the producers because their tissues are less dense than those at higher trophic levels.

• There is more energy available in the second trophic level because less energy is needed for hunting compared to the higher trophic levels.

• There is more available energy in the birds of prey because they have greater muscle mass for storing energy than organisms in lower trophic levels have.

• There is less available energy in the fourth trophic level because of the loss of energy through metabolism in each of the lower trophic levels.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following will most likely result if all of the primary consumers in the food web are removed from this ecosystem?

• Prairie rattlesnakes will become herbivores.

• Golden eagle and kit fox populations will decrease.

• Sagebrush grasshoppers will consume soil bacteria.

• Silk grass and sand sagebrush populations will decrease.

Multiple Choice

The water cycle would not occur if which of the following were missing?

• bacteria

• autotrophs

• carbon dioxide

• solar energy

Multiple Choice

If many trees are removed from a forest by logging, what is the most immediate effect on the carbon cycle in that forest?

• increase in the rates of decomposition

• increase in the rates of atmospheric carbon dioxide

• decreased combustion of fossil fuel

• increase production of organic compounds