Final Exam Review, Unit: Molecular Biology

Final Exam Review, Unit: Molecular Biology

Mr.Mendoza

4.L.2.1

Living things derive their energy from food. Plants produce their own food, while other organisms must consume plants or other

organisms in order to meet their food (energy) needs.

4.L.2.2

Humans have needs for vitamins, minerals, and exercise in order to remain healthy.

Vitamins and Minerals are

found in healthy foods, as well as dietary supplements

Movement is essential to the growth, development and maintenance

of the human body and its systems.

Whats the difference between both?

Transpiration

Epidermis and Stomata

Guard cells

The loss of water through the stomata is called transpiration. The opening and closing of guard cells regulate transpiration.

Food and Matter

• food provides molecules that serve as fuel and building material for all organisms.

• cells carry on the many functions needed to sustain life.

• matter is transferred among organisms in an ecosystem when organisms eat, or are eaten by others for food.

Food and Matter

matter moves within individual organisms through a series of chemical reactions in which food is broken down and rearranged to

form new molecules.

In plants and animals, molecules from food

• react with oxygen to provide energy that is needed to carry out life functions

• build and become incorporated into the body structure,

• are stored for later use

In Plants...

• plants use the energy from light to make sugars (food) from carbon dioxide and water. This process transforms light energy from the sun into stored chemical energy.

• minerals and other nutrients from the soil are not food (they don’t provide energy), but they are needed for plants to make

  complex molecules from the sugar they make.

Diet and Metabolism

• A balanced diet combined with regular exercise aid in the overall general health of the body.

• For the body to use food (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates) for energy and building materials, the food must first be digested into molecules that are absorbed and transported to cells.

Diet and Metabolism

• Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions involved in storing fuel (food) molecules and converting fuel (food) molecules into energy.

Three factors contribute to the overall metabolic rate of the body.

• The Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) accounts for about 60% of all

  energy used by the body.

• Daily physical activities such as walking and moving around account for another 30% of the energy used by the body.

Three factors contribute to the overall metabolic rate of the body.

Finally, 10% of the energy used by the body is used to digest and process (oxidize) food.

Overconsumption of Cal. than whats used

the excess is stored and weight is gained.

How does it work?

To burn food for the release of energy stored in it, oxygen must be supplied to cells, and carbon dioxide removed.

How does food travel?

In order for systems to work properly, energy from the cells must be transformed into a useable form for cells and ultimately,

organs, to perform work.

Energy in=Energy Out

that caloric intake equals caloric output.

There are two important concepts of energy balance for adolescents.

• to allow for normal body growth, more food energy must

  be consumed than can be accounted for solely on the basis of energy required for metabolic and physical activities.

There are two important concepts of energy balance for adolescents.

• Insufficient energy intake may affect cellular metabolic activities, body weight, growth, tissue formation, and health.