Rural Change - Mrs G

Rural Change in the UK

Multiple Select

Identify the processes of river transportation below

• hydraulic action

• saltation

• traction

• abrasion

Open Ended

What is the main difference between a science park and a business park

Multiple Select

Which sectors of the economy would you classify as quaternary jobs?

• manufacturing

• hospitality

• scientific research

• information technology

Multiple Select

What are the main erosion processes at work in the plunge pool of a waterfall?

• hydraulic action

• solution

• abrasion

• attrition

Open Ended

What does 'abiotic' mean?

Open Ended

Identify two ways that industry can have a negative environmental impact.

Multiple Select

What is 'leachate'

• An animal that sucks blood

• Plants that take in toxins from the soil

• Contaminated water from landfill

• The liner used to protect the soil under landfill

Open Ended

Identify and describe one way that industrial development can be made more sustainable.

Open Ended

Give two ways that industrial sites can be restored once they are no longer used by industry.

Open Ended

Give an example of one industrial restoration project that you have studied

Learning Intentions

• To be able to identify and describe some of the social and economic issues associated with population growth in rural areas in the UK

• To be able to identify and describe some of the social and economic issues associated with population decline in rural areas in the UK

How are rural areas in the UK changing?

• Some areas are experiencing rapid population growth e.g. South Cambridgeshire where people are moving out of London and Cambridge for a gentler pace of life in the countryside

How are rural areas in the UK changing?

• Remote rural areas like the Outer Hebrides are experiencing population decline as people move to mainland Britain for work and access to a better range of services

Can you locate.....?

London

Manchester

Edinburgh

Glasgow

An area of population growth – South Cambridgeshire

• South Cambridgeshire is a mainly rural area surrounding the city of Cambridge

• The population of 150,000 is increasing because of migration into the area

• Migrants have mainly come from the city of Cambridge and other areas of the UK such as London (only 53 minute train journey – an easy commute)

• In recent years there have also been migrants arriving from Eastern Europe to work in the farms around Cambridge

Population growth South Cambridgeshire since 2001

Describe the trend

Migration Data

• In 2013, registrations for National Insurance numbers from migrant workers in South Cambridgeshire increased by 25% compared to 2012.

• However this might drop off as a result of Brexit.

• The proportion of people in South Cambridgeshire aged 65 or over is growing – by 2031 this will reach 29% of the population in this area

• The population of South Cambridgeshire is estimated to reach 182,000 by 2031

Employment in South Cambridgeshire

• Large numbers of highly-skilled and educated people have moved into the area

• High level of employment

• Around 21% of the workforce is employed in high-tech industries – computer software and engineering manufacture

• Cambridge Science Park – the oldest science park in the UK is associated with the University of Cambridge and is home to many science and technology industries

Known as ‘Silicon Fen’ – UK equivalent of ‘Silicon Valley’ in California

Social impacts of population growth in the area

• People moving into the area has pushed up house prices.

• High house prices means young people who have grown up in Cambridge cannot afford to live there and move away from the area

• Modern developments on the edge of villages can lead to protests from local residents and a breakdown in community spirit

• 80% car ownership means more traffic on narrow country roads

• High car ownership reduces the demand for public transport and this can lead to cuts – leaving older and poorer people with out good transport options

• Commuters tend to shop and use services in the places where they work e.g. Cambridge or London. This can have a negative effect on the rural economy where village shops can struggle to make a decent living.

Economic impacts of population growth

• Farmers often sell their land for housing development. This can lead to a reduction in agricultural jobs although it might mean a short term increase in construction jobs.

• There is a general lack of affordable housing

• This area has some of the highest petrol prices in the country due to the high demand

• Increasing numbers of poor migrants from Eastern Europe can put pressure on services such as local schools and hospitals. This can increase costs and lead to an increase in racist incidents.

• Increasing numbers of retired people moving in (over 65s) can put pressure on services such as GPs and hospitals. This can increase costs for local NHS trusts.

An area of population decline – Outer Hebrides

• The Outer Hebrides has a population of 27,400 people. Most live on the Isle of Lewis, on of the chain of 65 islands.

• There has been a small increase in population in recent years but there has been an overall decline of more than 50% since 1901 when 46,000 people lived on the islands

• Decline is mainly due to outward migration

• There are limited opportunities and young people choose to move away from the area to look for better paid jobs

Population structure Outer Hebrides 2004-14

What are the characteristics of this population?

South Cambridgeshire KO

What do we think the main types of jobs will be in the Outer Hebrides?

Social impacts of population decline

• The number of school children is expected to fall over the next few years and this may lead to school closures. Students will have to travel further to get to school.

• With many younger people moving away, there will be fewer people of working age living in the Outer Hebrides

• An increasingly ageing population with fewer young people to support them may mean it will be difficult to provide care for older people in the future. 

Economic effects of population decline

• The UK and Scottish governments provide subsidies towards the costs of operating ferries from the mainland out to the islands

• It is a struggle to maintain essential services and many, such as post offices, are closing

• In 1948 there were more than 900 fishing boats operating in the Outer Hebrides. By 2013 there were just a few boats catching prawns and lobsters.

• Between 2007 and 2014 there was a 27% increase in visitors to the islands. The current infrastructure however is unable to support the number of tourists that would be needed to provide an alternative source of income

Impact of population decline in rural areas

Sustainable strategies for development in the Outer Hebrides

• Local people can form co-operatives to provide services – for example community shops have been set up on the islands of Uig and Harris in the Outer Hebrides

• Local councils in the Hebrides have set up a campaign ‘Our Islands – Our Future’ to campaign for local management of the development of resources such as renewable energy, oil and gas and fisheries.

• The Scottish government has set up the Rural Stewardship Scheme to provide assistance to farmers to follow environmentally friendly policies

• The EU can fund more deprived rural regions from the European Regional Development Fund – but only up to the point when the UK leaves the European Union.

Outer Hebrides Knowledge Organiser

Multiple Select

What are the main causes of population growth in South Cambridgeshire?

• New housing being built

• People are looking for a quieter more rural lifestyle

• People are moving out of the area so houses are cheap

• High quality jobs are available

• People are fed up of living in busy and expensive cities

Open Ended

Identify two problems that might come with a growing rural population?

Open Ended

How might the physical landscape of the Outer Hebrides contribute to migration from the islands?

Multiple Select

Which age group is the biggest population group in the Outer Hebrides

• 0-4

• 15-29

• 45-74

• 75+

Multiple Select

Identify the social impacts of population changes in the Outer Hebrides

• School closures as the numbers of school age children fall

• EU used to provide funds for rural areas but this has now stopped because of Brexit

• Older people struggle to find carers to help them out

• Local communities set up community shops to ensure service provision

• Local councils are campaigning for control over local resources such as renewable energy, oil and gas and fisheries

Homework

Contrast the economic challenges associated with rural areas of population growth and decline (6 marks)

Economic challenges of a growing population

• Lack of affordable housing

• Reduction in agricultural employment

• Pressure on services like hospitals and schools as more people move into the area – difficult to get GP appointments

Economic challenges of a declining population

• House prices are low

• There are few jobs in the area

• The current infrastructure – roads, ferry and air links are insufficient to support the development of large scale tourism

• Schools and healthcare facilities are likely to close as population numbers drop – people will need to travel further to visit a doctor or hospital