CH. 10-Expansion & Growth

CH. 10-Expansion & Growth (1800-1844)

How did new industries and inventions transform the United States economically, socially, and geographically?

Objective: Analyze the ways in which new technology changed American society, encouraged the expansion of slavery, & contributed to both nationalism & sectionalism.

From Farm to Factory

• Industrial Revolution-widespread production by machinery

• began in U.S. in 1793

• mainly in textile industry

• factory system-large crews of people perform work in one location

• Mechanized production replaced skilled craftspeople.

Multiple Choice

Transition from a pre-industrial economy to a market-oriented, capitalist economy.

• passive resistance

• factory system

• market revolution

• textile industry

Innovations & Inventions

• Eli Whitney-interchangeable parts

• guns had the exact same parts

• John Deere-steel plow

• Robert Fulton-steamboats

• boats outfitted with steam boiler engines to power their paddle wheel

Multiple Choice

Before turning his talents to the steamboat, American inventor Robert Fulton had successfully built and operated a submarine in France.

• true

• false

Innovations cont...

• Samuel F. B. Morse-telegraph

• messages sent over electrical wires using a series of long and short pulses known as Morse code

• Cyrus Hall McCormick-reaper

• quickly cut, or reaped, stalks of wheat from the field and gathered them up for processing

• helped increase wheat production throughout the Great Plains

The Telegraph

An operator in one location tapped out a message on a device called a key. The message moved through wires to a machine that printed it out as dots and dashes punched onto a strip of paper. Another operator then transcribed the code into words. The first telegraph message was transmitted on May 24, 1844. Soon, telegraph wires stretched throughout the nation, and operators could interpret the code in real time. Widespread use of the telegraph for personal, business, and government communication continued for more than 100 years.

Multiple Choice

The first telegraph message was sent by Samuel F.B. Morse on May 24, 1844, over an experimental line from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore, the message said:

• "Hello, how are you?"

• "To God the glory."

• "Houston, we have a problem."

• "What hath God wrought?"

THE MIGHTY MISSISSIPPI

The mighty Mississippi is the largest river in North America and one of the largest in the world. It lies entirely within the United States and flows south from Minnesota, collecting water from the Ohio and Missouri rivers and spilling from Louisiana into the Gulf of Mexico. As one of the world’s busiest commercial waterways, the river is the lifeblood of a highly industrialized country. It snakes through some of the nation’s most fertile farmland and moves most of our agricultural exports. The unique role the Mississippi has played in American history and literature has woven it deeply into the fabric of the country’s folklore.

Multiple Choice

The name “Mississippi” may originally have come from the Ojibwe words for “great river” or “gathering of water.”

• true

• false

Growth of the

Cotton Industry

• South-agrarian (farming)

• North-industrial

• Eli Whitney-cotton gin

• machine fitted with teeth to grab the seeds and separate them from cotton tufts

• both the South and the North relied on cotton

Cotton Industry cont.

• Jan. 1807, Congress passes new law banning importation of slaves

• went into effect in 1808

• caused the interstate slave trade, or the slave trade within the United States, to increase

• Slave owners urged enslaved women to have more children

• slaves the sold at auctions

• families were separated

SLAVERY EXPANDS

Even with the advent of the cotton gin, growing and picking cotton was labor intensive, and the production of cotton relied on the labor system created to support it: slavery. The “peculiar institution” of slavery shaped the South’s political, social, economic, and cultural development.

Multiple Choice

Eli Whitney's invention increased the productivity of enslaved laborers, and _______ became the main cash crop on many southern farms.

• cotton

• indigo

• sugar cane

• tobacco

Slavery & Resistance

• antebellum: pre-Civl War

• slaves were considered chattel, or property

• denied their rights

• family separation

• denial of the right to marry

• sexual violence

• threat of sale; children sold away

Multiple Choice

Slaves composed songs called ________ based on scripture and biblical figures such as Moses, who led the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt.

• monopolies

• subsidies

• spirituals

• strikes

Survival & Resistance

• passive resistance-the nonviolent refusal to obey authority and laws

• breaking tools/working slowly/pretending to be ill/learning to read

• Gabriel Prosser-planned a revolt in Virginia; was caught & hanged

• Denmark Vessey-took over arsenals and burned down buildings in Charleston, South Carolina in 1822; was hanged

Multiple Choice

In addition to their own religious practices, enslaved people developed a distinct African-American culture. They retained and adapted traditional customs including music, food, and dancing, as well as varied family structures.

• true

• false

NAT TURNER'S REBELLION

In 1831, Nat Turner led a small group of fellow slaves in a violent rebellion in which more than 50 white people were killed in one night. Turner and his men were captured and hanged. Southerners reacted to Turner’s rebellion—as they had to others—with violence. Some took matters into their own hands and murdered hundreds of innocent slaves. Turner was a literate man who led an open, violent revolt against slave-owning whites. Southern authorities reacted to Turner’s revolt forcefully and by instituting severe restrictions, including a ban on teaching slaves to read and write.

THE SOCIETAL IMPACT OF SLAVERY

During the early 19th century, more than 100,000 free African Americans lived in the South, and they most certainly did not support slavery. Though they were free, they could not vote, own property, or receive an education. Legally, their status was constantly in question. Traveling was dangerous because they ran the risk of being accused of being runaway slaves and losing their freedom. In order to prove their free status, free African Americans had to go to court for Certificates of Freedom. Even then, some were kidnapped and sold into slavery.

A Young Nation Expands

• subsidies-government funds

• Henry Clay's American System: 1-tariffs 2-creation of National Bank 3-government subsidies

• improvements in road systems, trains, and waterways united the country geographically and culturally

• 1817-Erie Canal (Buffalo to Albany)

Multiple Choice

Congressmen Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun argued for ______, or taxes on imported goods, to promote American manufacturing and stimulate commerce.

• textiles

• patents

• subsidies

• tariffs

Nation Expands cont.

• 1819-U.S. gets Florida from Spain

• James Monroe-5th president

• "Era of Good Feelings"

• federal gov't more powerful

• implied powers-powers not explicitly stated in the Constitution

• monopoly-complete control of an industry by one company

Multiple Choice

________ is the concept of loyalty and devotion to one’s nation.

• sectionalism

• nationalism

• capitalism

• abolition

Increasing Regional Tensions

• sectionalism-identification with & loyalty to a particular part of the country

• driven by two main factors: different economies of the North & South & the practice of slavery

• North was an industrial region, with mills and wage laborers

• South was an agricultural region: cotton through slave labor

Missouri Compromise

• federal gov't wanted to admit Missouri Territory as 23rd state

• problem was equal number of slave and free states (11)

• 1819-Missouri enters as slave state & Maine enters as free state

• prohibited slavery in all lands acquired in the Louisiana Purchase north of the 36° 30' N latitude line

Multiple Choice

The __________ stated that enslaved people who escaped to free states could be captured and returned to their owners.

• Missouri Compromise

• Runaway Slave Act

• Prohibition Treaty

• Monroe Doctrine

THE MONROE DOCTRINE

In December 1823, President Monroe delivered a speech in which he introduced a new approach to foreign policy. In it he stated, “The American continents, by the free and independent conditions which they have assumed and maintained, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power.” Monroe also promised that the United States would not fight in any European wars. In simple terms, the president said, “You stay out of our hemisphere, and we’ll stay out of yours.”

Multiple Choice

President Monroe had concerns over Russia’s presence in what is now _____. Russia had issued a statement in 1821 that non-Russians could not enter its territory.

• Montana

• Washington

• Oregon

• Alaska

Women in the

Early Republic

• many women participated in the American Revolution

• still could not vote, own their own property, hold public office

• most were not well educated

• Judith Sargent Murray-women needed to be educated

• Catharine Beecher-founded a school for women in 1822

Multiple Choice

_____ is the movement to end slavery.

• secession

• abolition

• treason

• temperance