Science Test

Science Test Study Guide!

In this lesson, you will learn about sex linked traits, types of mutations, selective breeding, cloning, and genetic engineering.

Sex Linked Traits

In the next few slides, you will learn more about sex linked traits!

~Sex Linked Traits facts~

• X chromosomes have more genes then the y chromosomes

• The x chromosome is bigger then the y chromosome

• Females have 2 of the same chromosomes (x,x), while males have 2 different chromosomes(x,y)

• Males determine the gender of the offspring because they have 2 different chromosomes(x,y)

~Chromosomes~

• We have 23 pairs of chromosomes

• Females have (x,x) while males have (x,y)

• We only have 1 sex chromosome

• The other 22 chromosomes you get from your mom and dad (1/2 and 1/2)

• Autosomals are you non-sex chromosomes (22)

~Mutations~

Males are more likely to express the mutation because they only have one x chromosome and do not have a matching chromosome to provide a non-mutated version of the gene. Mutations are found on the x chromosome.

~3 Types of Genetic Mutations~

• Deletion - One base pair is removed from the DNA structure

• Addition - One base pair is added to the DNA structure

• Substitution - One base pair is switched for another in the DNA sequence

~Mini Quiz Checkpoint~

Now you will have a mini quiz to see how much you payed attention during the first part of the lesson on Sex Linked Traits!

Multiple Choice

What are females chromosomes?

• x,y

• x,u

• y,y

• x,x

Multiple Choice

Which chromosomes has more genes? x or the y?

• x

• y

Multiple Choice

Where are mutated genes found?

• x chromsome

• y chromosome

• u chromosome

• o chromosome

Multiple Choice

Who is most likely to express the mutation?

• Females

• Males

• Offspring

Multiple Choice

Whose chromosomes are x,y?

• Males

• Females

Multiple Choice

Which chromosome is bigger? x or the y?

• y

• x

Multiple Choice

True or false: Males have 2 different chromosomes, while females only have 2 of the same.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Which parent determines the sex of the offspring?

• Father

• Mother

Multiple Choice

How many chromosomes do we have?

• 44

• 23

• 22

• 18

Multiple Choice

How many sex chromosomes do we have?

• 23

• 1

• 15

• 4

Multiple Choice

What type of chromosomes determine you gender?

• Autosomal Chromosomes

• Sex Chromosomes

Multiple Choice

What are autosomal chromosomes?

• Sex Chromosomes

• Chromosomes from you dad

• Chromosomes from your mom

• non-sex chromosomes

Multiple Choice

What is deletion?

• One base pair is added to the DNA structure

• One base pair is removed from the DNA structure

• One base pair is non-existent in the DNA structure

Great Work!

Now we will move into the next category which is.......

~Cloning~

In this section you will learn a lot about cloning!

~Cloning facts~

• A clone is know as a identical genetic copy of an organism

• Cloning can happen naturally-----> (identical twins)

• Cloning for medical purposes has the potential to benefit large numbers of people

• Transgenic - genetically altered

• What is one way that cloning is good?

  It can help reduce the time needed to make a transgenic animal model, and the result would be a population of genetically identical animals for study.

~Cloning facts~

• Clones are organisms that are exact genetic copies

• Cloning is the process of producing individuals with identical or virtually identical DNA, either naturally or artificially

• Cloning to make stem cells: Stem cells build, maintain, and repair the body throughout our lives

~Steps to Cloning~

• 1. Unfertilized Egg

• 2. Remove its nucleus

• 3. Replace its nucleus with a new nucleus from a body cells (This is called a somatic cell)

• 4. Place new egg into female organism

• 5. Female will carry to term and deliver

~More Cloning Facts~

If an egg is placed in a surrogate the offspring will have no genetic connection to the surrogate

What is selective breeding?

Selective breeding is a controlled process in which humans select certain desirable traits in an organism and breed those that have this trait to produce more offspring having the desired trait.

(It is also known as artificial selection)

~Genetic Engineering~

• The transfer of a gene from the DNA of one organism into another organism, in order to produce an organism with desired traits. (definition)

• What is genetic engineering used for?

• Genetic engineering is used to give organisms genes they would not acquire through breeding.

~Gene Therapy~

• What is the definition of gene therapy?

  The process of replacing an absent or faulty gene with a normal working gene to treat a disease or medical disorder.

Cloning Mini Quiz!

Now we will see how much you know from learning about cloning in the previous slides! Good luck!

Multiple Choice

What is cloning?

• Cloning is the process of making 2 of any dead organism

• Cloning is the way you can make 2 of plants

• Cloning is the process of producing individuals with identical or virtually identical DNA, either naturally or artificially.

Multiple Choice

Can cloning happen naturally?

• Yes

• No

• Sometimes

Multiple Choice

What is an example of natural cloning?

• Fraternal Twins

• Identical Twins

• Plants

Multiple Choice

What are clones?

• Clones are an identical genetic copy of an organism

• Clones are a partially identical copy of an organism

• Clones are a look alike of an organism and have no DNA connection

Multiple Choice

What is another name of transgenic?

• transparent

• clone

• genetically altered

• identical

Multiple Choice

What is one way cloning is good?

• It can help reduce the time needed to make a transgenic animal model, and the result would be a population of genetically identical animals for study.

• It can help make a copy of a dead pet that you loved so much

• It can help researchers in there study's

Multiple Select

What do stem cells do?

• They Maintian

• They Build

• They Repair

Multiple Choice

What is one of the steps to cloning?

• Ripping apart the egg

• Removing its nucleus

Multiple Choice

If the egg is placed in a surrogate will the offspring have any genetic connection to the surrogate?

• Yes

• No

Multiple Choice

What is selective breeding?

• It is when people select who they want to marry to have desirable traits

• It is when animals gravitate towards certain breeds of animals

• Selective breeding is a controlled process in which humans select certain desirable traits in an organism and breed those that have this trait to produce more offspring having the desired trait.

Multiple Choice

What is selective breeding also known as?

• Genetic Altered Species

• Artificial Selection

Multiple Choice

What is genetic engineering used for?

• Genetic engineering is used to give organisms genes they would not acquire through breeding.

• Genetic engineering is used to alter a humans DNA

Multiple Choice

What is the definition of gene therapy?

• The process of replacing an absent or faulty gene with a normal working gene to treat a disease or medical disorder.

• The transfer of a gene from the DNA of one organism into another organism, in order to produce an organism with desired traits.

Multiple Choice

What is the definition of Genetic Engineering?

• The transfer of a gene from the DNA of one organism into another organism, in order to produce an organism with desired traits.

• The process of replacing an absent or faulty gene with a normal working gene to treat a disease or medical disorder.

Congrats on finishing the Lesson!

Multiple Choice

What is selective breeding also known as?

• Genetic Altered Species

• Artificial Selection