Section 4 : Pharaoh Hatshepsut

Section 4 : Pharaoh Hatshepsut

Egypt's First Female Pharaoh

Pharaoh Hatshepsut: Promoter of Egyptian Trade

Although the status of women in ancient Egypt was higher than in any other ancient civilization, the notion that a woman could be king was abhorrent to the Egyptians. Yet, a woman did become king and not just an ordinary king. She became the first great woman in recorded history, the forerunner of such figures as Cleopatra, Elizabeth I, and Catherine the Great. Her name was Hatshepsut and she ruled as pharaoh for 21 years. Sadly, after her death the Egyptians, who were a deeply conservative people, obliterated her memory so that later pharaohs such as Ramses II and Cleopatra would have been ignorant of her existence.

Pharaoh Hatshepsut

During the New Kingdom, the pharaoh Hatshepsut (haht-SHEPsoot) ruled Egypt from about 1473 to 1458 B.C.E.  Hatshepsut was one of Egypt's first female pharaohs.  Under her rule, Egyptian art and architecture flourished.  Hatshepsut was also known for encouraging trade.

Multiple Choice

Under her rule, the arts and architecture flourished. In this context, flourished means ........?

• went away and died out

• became old news and boring

• became a law

• Grew and developed

Pharaoh Hatshepsut

One of her greatest accomplishments was her rise to power since few women had ever become Egyptian pharaohs.  Initially, she shared power with her male relatives.  However, she soon achieved sole leadership.

Poll

Do you think being a female leader of a huge and powerful civilization would have been hard ?

• Yes, very difficult

• A little bit

• Not too difficult

• Extremely easy

Pharaoh Hatshepsut

Hatshepsut strengthened her position in several ways. She filled her government with loyal advisers. She demanded the same respect shown to male rulers. She sometimes dressed in men's clothing, even putting on the fake beard male pharaohs wore. Artists were often instructed to portray her as a man. She also spread stories that her father was a god.

Multiple Choice

Hatshepsut ruled the kingdom from 1479 to 1458 BCE. How long was her reign ?

• 18 years

• 10 years

• 21 years

• 15 years

Pharaoh Hatshepsut

As pharaoh, Hatshepsut promoted trade with other countries.  Her biggest trade expedition was to the African kingdom of Punt, at the southern end of the Red Sea.  Over 200 men in five ships brought gifts and traded goods to Punt.

Multiple Choice

Hatshepsut was very good friends with another Queen of Egypt named Cleopatra.

• True

• False

Pharaoh Hatshepsut

Hatshepsut left behind a stunning monument to her reign—a great temple at Dayr al-Bahri  (deer ahl-BAH-ray).  The main part of the temple was built into a cliff above the Nile River.  At the entrance were two tall, thin monuments called  obelisks .  The entrance was also graced by 200 sphinx statues.  The sphinx is a mythical creature with the body of a lion and the head of a man.

Multiple Choice

Ancient Egyptian obelisks are monolithic. This means they are built out of how many stones ?

• One stone

• six stones

• two stones

• many stones

Pharaoh Hatshepsut

Scenes from Hatshepsut's reign decorated the temple walls. Detailed carvings portrayed the great voyage to Punt and illustrated the valuable items the pharaoh's traders had brought back to Egypt.