Post WWII and Modern GA Summative Assessment Grade Recovery

Post WWII and Modern GA Summative Assessment Grade Recovery

Flag Controversy

In 1956, the GA Assembly approved the state’s most controversial flag. The 1956 flag offended African Americans and progressive whites because two-thirds of it looked like a Confederate battle flag. Most people believed the legislature’s new flag decision to be symbolic of Georgia’s resistance to the federal government’s integration laws. The flag represented Georgia for 45 years until it was finally replaced in 2001. 

Multiple Choice

What was one way that Georgians protested having to integrate its public schools?

• Georgia legislators voted to change the state flag to include the Confederate battle emblem.

• Georgia legislators closed private schools until the courts ordered them re-opened.

• Georgia did nothing to protest and schools were integrated without incident.

• Georgia voters terminated the State Board of Education.

Sibley Commission

After schools were forced to integrate by law in 1954, Georgia refused to cooperate. A commission was then formed in 1960 by Atlanta banker John Sibley that held public hearings to see how Georgians felt about integration. The Sibley Commission found that 2 out of 3 Georgians would rather see schools closed that integrated. As a result, the commission recommended that each local district decide the desegregation matter for itself.

Multiple Choice

What were the findings of the Sibley Commission?

• local school systems to decide if they wanted integration.

• Most Georgians would rather close the public schools and open private schools.

• a fine would be placed on schools who agreed to integrate

• Most Georgians supported integration

Jimmy Carter

Jimmy Carter used his four years in office as Georgia's governor to restructure the entire state government and completely change the format of the state budget. His accomplishments as governor included his consolidation of state agencies and his efforts to improve education. He pushed for reforms of Georgia’s education, mental health, and criminal justice systems. Carter also favored business and industrial growth in Georgia.

Multiple Choice

When Jimmy Carter was a GOVERNOR in Georgia, what success was he well known for?

• His peace agreement in Egypt concerning the Camp David Accords.

• His speeches and unite the people of Georgia together as democrats.

• His consolidation of state agencies and efforts to improve education.

• His accomplishment of earning the Nobel Peace Prize for his service.

Jimmy Carter

As President, Carter created several new programs and departments that are still a fundamental part of the federal government today. Carter invited Egypt’s president and Israel’s prime minister to Camp David to try to work out a peace agreement. The leaders negotiated a peace treaty and signed the Camp David Accords. Many saw this as a diplomatic miracle and Carter was given credit for his role in negotiating the agreement.

Multiple Choice

As PRESIDENT of the United States, Jimmy Carter is best remembered for

• Promoting international trade

• Camp David Peace Accords

• Defeating communism

• Declaring war on Iraq

Lester Maddox

Lester Maddox became a public figure when he chose to close his Atlanta restaurant rather than comply with the Civil Rights Act and serve African Americans. In 1966, he was elected as Georgia’s governor, despite being a strict segregationist. Maddox surprised many people by hiring more African Americans into office than any governor before him.

Multiple Choice

As governor, Lester Maddox appointed more African Americans to state boards that any previous governor. Why was this considered paradoxical (the opposite of what is expected)?

• Because Maddox started the lottery and HOPE scholarships for minorities

• Because Maddox tried to increase funding to public schools and the arts

• Because Maddox strongly opposed the "forces of integration"

• Because Maddox changed the state flag to remove the Confederate symbol

Multiple Choice

Who became governor of Georgia a few years after closing his restaurant to avoid desegregating it?

• Eugene Talmadge

• Herman Talmadge

• Ellis Arnall

• Lester Maddox

SNCC

Martin Luther King’s strategy of peaceful protest was adopted by a group of college students who formed the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in 1960. SNCC used sit-ins at lunch counters where they refused to move in order to boycott businesses that wouldn’t serve blacks. SNCC also helped promote voter registration throughout the South.

Multiple Choice

The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), headquartered in Atlanta,

• Was a group of students who helped organize protests, boycotts, and voter registration.

• Was actually a militant group

• Was organized by activists posing as students

• Focused its activities entirely on school integration

Multiple Choice

At the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement, the group SNCC would have been MOST LIKELY to

• Stage non-violent protest at lunch counters in the American south

• file lawsuits on behalf of people who were victims of racial discrimination

• encourage armed confrontation with those who would oppress African Americans

• focus on "black power" by protesting African American involvement in the Vietnam War

Post WW2

Agriculture remained an important industry for Georgia, even though it was transformed significantly after World War II. New technology like tractors and processors helped farmers plant and harvest quicker and more efficiently. Roosevelt’s New Deal and the wartime demand for crops finally gave farmers the financial motive to diversify their crops.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following answer choices explains how and why farms changed in Georgia after WWII?

• Farms became larger in number and smaller in size because people knew they could make more money after the AAA from the New Deal.

• Farms developed solar panels and there were fewer farm workers.

• Farms became smaller in number yet larger in size because the new equipment like tractors were able to do more work with less workers.

• Slash and burn agriculture overtook the prior farming practices.

William Hartsfield

William Hartsfield served 6 terms as mayor. He built a coalition of white businessmen and key African American leaders who worked to deal with racial issues and integration in peaceful ways.

William Hartsfield

In the 1920s William Hartsfield helped Atlanta become an aviation hub and played a major role in building the city’s first airport. Eventually, the airport grew to be the busiest in the country and made Atlanta a major hub for US and international travel. Hartsfield was nicknamed, “the Father of Atlanta Aviation”, and the city renamed the airport after him in 1971.

Ivan Allen, Jr.

Ivan Allen, Jr. succeeded Hartsfield as Atlanta’s major in 1961. On Allen’s first day in office, he ordered city offices to desegregate and removed the “colored” and “white” signs from city hall. His plans for the city included making Atlanta the South’s center for professional sports. He brought in three of Atlanta’s professional sports franchises: Braves baseball, Falcons football, and Hawks basketball.

Multiple Choice

What do William Hartsfield and Ivan Allen Jr. have in common?

• both served as Georgia governors during Georgia’s best economic times

• both were major contributors to agricultural growth in southern Georgia

• both were Atlanta mayors that made significant social and economic changes

• both fought for Georgia in World War II and have statues in their honor in Atlanta

March on Washington

In 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. led more than 250,000 people on a civil rights march in Washington, D.C. They called on President Kennedy and Congress to pass a law that guaranteed equal rights and quality education for all citizens.

Civil Rights Act

The March on Washington got the government’s attention and Congress soon passed the Civil Rights Act in 1964. This law banned discrimination against any American because of that person’s race, color, or religion. The law enforced the desegregation of public places. It also said that people of all races, male and female, should have the equal opportunity to get a job.

Multiple Choice

Due to Martin Luther King's leadership, what was a major effect of the March on Washington?

• It led to the creation of the Sibley Commission.

• It led to the president denying most of the marchers' demands.

• It led to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

• It helped many of the march's leaders win political campaigns.

Multiple Choice

Why was the Civil Rights Acts of 1964 passed?

• To prevent future protesters from marching on Washington

• To ensure segregation in schools and businesses

• To allow African Americans to move to the South

• To guarantee protection from segregation and discrimination in public places

White Primary

The white primary system helped white supremacists control Georgia’s politics because it only allowed whites to vote in statewide primary elections. The white primary system completely cut African Americans out of the political process.

In 1944, the Supreme Court struck down a similar white primary system in Texas, ultimately leading to the end of Georgia’s white primary in 1946.

Multiple Choice

What changed with the end of the white primary?

• African Americans can now participate in more than just the general election.

• Voters supported politicians who wanted to end segregation and Jim Crow laws.

• Voters supported politicians who believed in segregationist ideas and Jim Crow laws.

Multiple Choice

The ________________________ was an election where only white voters could vote in the primary election thus the white population chose who would run for office and ultimately who would win the general election.

• 1946 Governor’s Race

• General Election

• White Primary

Growth of Cities

Farms began to shrink in size after the introduction of new farm machines. Thousands of displaced farm workers left the rural farmlands and moved to Georgia’s cities looking for work. This new manpower, coupled with the explosion of industry, caused Georgia’s cities to grow tremendously. By the 1950s, more Georgians worked in industry and manufacturing jobs than worked on the farms. 

Multiple Choice

After WWII Georgia’s population shifted from rural to urban areas, what contributed to this shift?

• The new factories in the industrial centers needed workers during and after the World Wars. New farming technology made farming easier and provided fewer farming jobs.

• The cotton crop failed due to unusually high ultra-violet sun rays and droughts.

• The universities in the major cities attracted more students to move to them.

• The new solar powered machines took over the jobs that farmers usually did.

Multiple Choice

Development of better technology and less reliance on agriculture after World War II had which effect on Georgia’s growth?

• More citizens wanted to work in farm areas

• Georgia’s importance in the Southeast decreased

• Georgia’s urban areas grew rapidly

• The state’s growth slowed drastically

1946 Governor Controversy

In 1946, Eugene Talmadge was elected governor for the fourth time, but he died before he could take office. Many of his supporters knew that he was ill, so they scratched his name off the ballot and wrote in his son’s name, Herman Talmadge. The state legislature chose between the two people with the largest number of write-in votes, and Herman Talmadge won.

1946 Governor Controversy

Ellis Arnall, who was governor at the time, didn't want Talmadge to win. So he resigned so that lieutenant governor Melvin Thompson could take over. Talmadge took the governor’s office by force and Thompson set up an alternate governor’s office in downtown Atlanta.

1946 Governor Controversy

The GA Supreme Court finally stepped in and ruled that Thompson was to serve as acting governor until a special election could be held to settle the matter.

Multiple Choice

Former governor Eugene Talmadge brought about the "Three Governors Controversy" when he

• ran against three other candidates and won.

• resigned from office.

• won the election but died before taking office.

• challenged all opponents to three public debates.

Multiple Choice

The “Three Governors Controversy” was solved by the Georgia Supreme Court ruling that

• Lieutenant Governor Melvin Thompson should be governor until the next special election in 1948.

• Herman Talmadge should be governor since he had the most write-in votes.

• Governor Ellis Arnall should remain as governor until a special election was held.

• That Eugene Talmadge should be governor despite his death.

Maynard Jackson

Maynard Jackson was elected as Atlanta’s first African American mayor in 1973. Under his leadership, MARTA (Atlanta’s mass transit system) began running and Hartsfield Airport added a new international terminal that helped the economy. The city of Atlanta added his name to the airport in 2003: Hartsfield-Jackson Airport. He also helped bring the Olympics to the city of Atlanta.

Andrew Young

Andrew Young became well known as a civil rights activist and aide to Martin Luther King, Jr. In 1972, he won a seat in Congress and was Georgia’s first African American representative to the House since Reconstruction. In 1977, President Carter appointed Young to be America’s ambassador to the United Nations. In 1981, he succeeded Jackson as Atlanta’s mayor and was also helped bring the Olympics to Atlanta.

1996 Olympic Games

Downtown Atlanta was revamped with new sidewalks, trees, and lights, and the 21-acre Centennial Park was developed in the heart of the city to help prepare for the 1996 Olympics. New construction included the Olympic Stadium which later became the new home for the Atlanta Braves. Also, new dormitories were built for Olympic athletes and are now used by state universities.

Multiple Choice

How were Andrew Young and Maynard Jackson instrumental in the African American communities?

• They created separate schools for African Americans so that they could overcome the systemic racism that plagued many educational programs.

• They donated their time and money to offer programs that gave African American students a free education

• They both opened up free breakfast and lunch programs in the low economic areas of Atlanta to help students stay in school.

• They both supported the African American/minority communities and worked to bring the Olympics to the city of Atlanta.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is considered a short-term impact of the 1996 Atlanta Olympics?

• Creation of Centennial Olympic Park.

• Development of new housing, hotels, and businesses.

• Infrastructure improvements, including roadways, sidewalks, and streetlights.

• All of the above.

Brown v. Board of Education

The US Supreme Court heard the case Brown v. Board of Education. In 1954, the Supreme Court handed down a unanimous decision that greatly impacted Georgia and the rest of the South. The court ruled that segregation was unconstitutional (violated the 14th Amendment), and public schools across America began to integrate.

Multiple Choice

This decision by the Supreme Court of the United States declared that the "separate, but equal" policy of segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment's equal protection and, therefore, unconstitutional. This began the process that would eventually desegregate schools in Georgia and across the South.

• Dred Scott v. Sandford

• Plessy v. Ferguson

• Brown v. Board of Education

• Worcester v. Georgia

Albany Movement

From fall 1961 to summer 1962, a desegregation movement involving the NAACP and SNCC took place in Albany, Georgia. The movement’s goal was to end all types of segregation in Albany (transportation, schools, libraries, hospitals, restaurants, juries, etc.) through mass protests, sit-ins, and boycotts. The police wanted to avoid negative publicity, so they arrested over 500 protestors.

Albany Movement

Martin Luther King, Jr. came to Albany to lend his support and bring national attention to the cause; however, he was also arrested.

Desegregation efforts failed in Albany, and King said it was because the groups tried to do too many things, instead of focusing on one aspect of segregation and failed in its objective due to lack of support from the African American middle class

Multiple Choice

The Albany Movement was an effort to desegregate Albany that

• Was planned and led by Martin Luther King, Jr.

• Successfully spread to other southwestern Georgia towns.

• Failed in its objective due to lack of support from the African American middle class

• Resulted in bloody riots.

SCLC

The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was founded by Martin Luther King, Jr, Ralph Abernathy, and Andrew Young. This organization was developed to help end segregation and was based on nonviolence. Its work included peaceful marches and protests, boycotts, and sit-ins. Sit-ins are organized protests in which participants sit peaceably in a racially segregated place, such as a restaurant or a movie theater, to integrate it.

Multiple Choice

Founded by Martin Luther King, Jr, Ralph Abernathy, and Andrew Young this organization developed to end segregation was based on nonviolence. Its work included peaceful marches and protests, boycotts, and sit-ins. Sit-ins are organized protests in which participants sit peaceably in a racially segregated place, such as a restaurant or a movie theater, to integrate it.

• SNCC - (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

• SCLC - (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

• Sibley Commission

Bourbon Triumvirate

•The Bourbon Triumvirate supported policies that replaced Georgia’s former large plantation-owning class with a new middle and business class.

•They also expanded railroads and increased industrialization, and gained wealth as railroads, cities, and factories flourished in Georgia.

•They promoted “white supremacy” in order to keep the political support of white racists.

Bourbon Triumvirate

After Reconstruction, Democrats known as “Bourbons” rose to power in the South. Bourbons believed that the South should rely less on agriculture and more on industry.

In Georgia, three Bourbon leaders dominated the state’s politics from 1872 to 1890: Joseph E. Brown, John B. Gordon, and Alfred H. Colquitt.

Henry Grady

Henry Grady was editor of the Atlanta Constitution from 1880 to 1889, and used his newspaper to promote what he labeled the “New South” and worked hard at trying to improve race relations to help improve Atlanta's image. Grady also believed the South needed to stop relying on farming and become more like the North economically. He tried to get northern businesses to invest in the South, and convinced many northerners to invest in Atlanta.

Multiple Choice

How were the Bourbon Triumverate and Henry Grady different?

• The Bourbons supported white supremacy while Grady wanted to improve race relations.

• Henry Grady supported white supremacy and the Bourbons wanted to improve race relations.

• The Bourbons wanted a South more like the industrialized North while Grady wanted to focus on agriculture

• The Bourbons worked to improve working conditions while Grady did little to help the poor.

Boll Weevil

The boll weevil is a tiny, destructive insect known as a boll weevil made its way north from Mexico and reached Georgia’s farms in 1915. The boll weevil was devastating to the South because it laid its eggs in cotton plants and the larvae destroyed the cotton bolls.

Boll Weevil Destruction

By the 1920s, many Georgia farmers had lost their crops, money, and their land due to the insects’ destruction. The total cotton crop dropped from 1.75 million bales a year to 588,000 in 1923. Georgia’s cotton farmers were devastated, cotton was no longer “king”, and the destruction of the cotton crop forced farmers to finally diversify.

Multiple Choice

What two factors led to GEORGIA’S depression in the 1920s (before the Great Depression began for the rest of the country)?

• WWI and drought

• Boll weevil and a severe drought

• Stock Market crash and the Boll weevil

Multiple Choice

How did the Boll Weevil impact Georgia's economy?

• it led to a reduction in purchasing

• more people moved to farms

• it made electricity more affordable for rural areas

• it forced Georgia to diversify its economy (rather than be solely dependent on agriculture)