Canadian Confederation

Canadian Confederation

The Pro's and Con's

Multiple Choice

What does "BNA" stand for?

• Beautiful North America

• Blingual Nations Alliance

• British North America

• Bullies Never Argue

Vocabulary

• Representation by Population = A system (also referred to as “rep by pop”) in which elected members all represent the same number of people; the greater the number of people, the more power a region has

• Representative Government = In Canada, a government (cabinet) that must answer to elected representatives

• Reciprocity = exchanging things with someone else and both sides benefit

• Consensus = agreement by everyone

• Compromise = A method of resolving a disagreement where everyone gives up a little to get an agreement they can all live with

Multiple Choice

When you resolve an agreement and everyone has to give up a little to come to an agreement, this is called a:

• Deadlock

• Compromise

• Consensus

• Reciprocity

Multiple Choice

When the provinces all came to an agreement as a whole, the provinces reached a:

• Government

• Compromise

• Consensus

• Deadlock

Multiple Choice

A system where elected members all represent the same number of people (the more people, the more power a region has)

• Responsible Government

• Reciprocity

• Rep by Pop (or Representation by Population)

• Government

Multiple Choice

An electoral system where people vote to elect people to represent them. These people then make important decisions and laws that benefit the people.

• Reciprocity

• Responsible Government

• Representation by Population

• Representative Government

Multiple Choice

An agreement where resources could flow both ways across the border free of any import taxes:

• Reciprocity
• Annexation
• Tariff
• Mercantilism

Vocabulary

• Anglophone = a person who is English-speaking

• Francophone = a person who is French-speaking

• Fenians = a member of a secret Irish and Irish-American organization dedicated to the overthrow of British rule in Ireland

• Manifest Destiny = An American belief that it is the natural right of the United States to control all of North America

• Confederation = When a group of people or nations form an alliance

Multiple Choice

What does Confederation mean?

• It means to join provinces to make a new country.

• It means to run for a political position.

• It means to abolish the mother country's political rule.

• It means a political conflict.

Multiple Choice

An Anglophone is to an English speaker, as a Francophone is to a

• Spanish speaker

• Quebecois

• Person from France

• Person named Frank

Multiple Choice

Who were the Fenians?

• Irish/French people
• Irish/American people
• Irish/British people
• Irish/First Nation people

Multiple Choice

Which new country did Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the Province of Canada form?

• The Confederation of Canada

• The Dominion of Canada

• The United States of Canada

• The Federation of Canada

Multiple Choice

What is Manifest Destiny?

• The belief that it was America's destiny to control and civilize all of North America
• The belief that their destiny was to manifest
• A religious term used to explain how to be saved

Why was Confederation discussed or wanted?

• Political Deadlock - "the inability to decide on a course of action because of disagreement among equally powerful decision makers"

• Trade Challenges

• Defence of the Colonies

The first conference held to help establish Confederation was held:

- 1864

- In Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island

Four Key Leaders:

- John A. Macdonald (who become the 1st Prime Minister of Canada!)

- George-Étienne Cartier

- George Brown

- Étienne-Paschal Taché

Political Deadlock

Canada West and Canada East in 1850's were in a deadlock over *Rep by Pop*

1840's - Canada East has MORE people than Canada West - Equal # of seats, no complaints

1850's - Canada West had MORE people than Canada East - Equal # of seats, Can. West wants more!

UNION would get rid of tie votes, no more deadlock

Shifting Trade Partners

1846 - Mercantilism (imperial country to becomes rich by selling the resources taken from its colonies) no longer working so UK trades with other countries, not just colonies

Reciprocity Treaty (1854) cancelled in 1864 = trade more expensive with U.S.

What were they to do?

For many people, the answer was UNION. If the colonies were united, they would trade more among themselves.

Defence of the Colonies

• United States following "Manifest Destiny", there was a fear the Americans would try annexation of the Canada's and the land to the west

• Annexation = takeover of a territory by another country

• Fenians (Irish) attacked borders to fight for freedom from the British

• With UNION, the colonies could better protect and defend themselves

Martimes Worried about Confederation

• Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island were British colonies

• They governed themselves - feared losing independence if they joined Canada East/West

• Small population - what representation would they have in the new government?

• Afraid it would cost them too much to pay for a new government

Multiple Choice

When equally powerful parties can't agree on a course of action, this is known as...

• Mercantilism
• Imperialism
• Colonialism
• Political Deadlock

Multiple Choice

How was the U.S. involved in Confederation?

• It supported it from the sidelines
• It supported the railroad
• It was aiming for annexation of western lands

Multiple Select

Select ALL the reasons leading to Confederation from the list below:

• Political Deadlock

• End of the Reciprocity Treaty

• Québec wanted to separate

• Fear that America would attack

• The Golden Age was ending

Multiple Choice

One of the main reasons why the Maritimes were afraid to join Confederation was that:

• They would have to give all of their money to the government of Canada

• They were too small in population so they would not have a lot of say in Canada's affairs

• They would lose their connections to Britain, Ireland, and Scotland

• They would become even more isolated as Canada grew as a country.

Achieving Confederation

The Railroad

Getting the Maritimes involved

Fixing the Key Issues

The Railway Revolution

• a railway boom was taking place in British North America.

• Talk about building a railway linking Canada West with Halifax.

• A railroad would help trade and defence of the colonies!

• The project would COST A LOT of money.

• It could only go ahead if the colonies were united.

• Then all the colonies could share the cost and benefits

Ottawa - why is this the capital?

• In 1857, the Assembly asked Queen Victoria to choose the capital -She chose a small logging town called Bytown (later renamed Ottawa)

• On the border between Canada East and Canada West - Location was a good choice for both French and English Canadians

• This location made it less vulnerable

  to attack.

• On 31 December 1857, Ottawa became the capital of Canada.

The Confederation Deal

The rights of each region were to be protected and allow for each region to make decision on their own.

July 1st, 1867

British North America Act

Passed in 1867, the BNA created the Dominion of Canada with:

- Canada East

- Canada West

- Nova Scotia

- New Brunswick

Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland DID NOT join in at this time due more con's than pro's

Key Points of BNA Act

• Federal government created laws for "peace, order and good government

• Division of powers between federal and provincial levels

• Both French and English language used in government

• Public Schools for all Canadians:

• Federal government protected religious and language rights in any province

• Representation in parliament through population base

• Federal government would pay for railway linking the Maritimes to the rest of Canada

Key Points of BNA Act cont.

Strengthening the Maritimes

The economy in the Maritimes was based on: British trade and Caribbean trade

With the promise of a railway, the Maritimes joined confederation in hopes that the future would be stronger.  There was still a fear that Nova Scotia would lose their identity.

First Nations and Confederation

Negotiations were not done with the First Nations over Confederation. However, this is how Confederation affected them:

- Gradual Civilization Act (1857) - To be a Canadian citizen and have the right to vote, one must give up their way of life.

- BNA (1867) - First Nations became the responsibility of the federal government.

- Legal status Indians - were not allowed to vote until 1960. Only those who gave up the status could vote.

Multiple Choice

What was a key bargaining tool for Confederation?

• Tax
• Railroad
• Mercantilism

Multiple Choice

Ottawa was chosen to be the capital by

• John A Macdonald
• George Brown
• Queen Victoria
• Abraham Lincoln

Multiple Choice

This picture BEST illustrates: 

• Where the British travelled
• Major highways
• The Railroad
• Where the USA was annexing land

Multiple Choice

Where was the first conference held?

• Toronto
• Charlottetown
• London
• Quebec

Multiple Choice

Who became Canada's first Prime Minister?

• Queen Victoria
• John A. Macdonald
• Pierre Trudeau
• George Etienne Cartier

Multiple Choice

When did Canada become a country?

• July 1, 1867

• July 4, 1867

• July 1, 1876

• July 4, 1876

Multiple Choice

Who was not involved in Confederation?

• First Nations

• English

• Canadiens

• John A Macdonald

When did the provinces join Confederation?

• 1867 - Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia join during Confederation

• 1870 - Manitoba wanted to become a province, NOT a territory

• 1871 - British Columbia joined as a province

• 1873 - Prince Edward Island joined as a province

• 1905 - Alberta and Saskatchewan started as a territory

• 1949 - Newfoundland joined as a province

Multiple Choice

The First four provinces to join Confederation are:

• Ontario, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland

• Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, PEI

• PEI, Winnipeg, Nova Scotia, Ontario

• Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia

Multiple Choice

Which two groups or colonies did not join during the formation of Confederation?

• Nova Scotia & Newfoundland

• New Brunswick and PEI

• British Columbia & Canada East

• Newfoundland and PEI

Multiple Choice

Which colony was the last colony to join Confederation?

• Nova Scotia

• New Brunswick

• Newfoundland

• PEI