Chapter 19.3 Notes

Chapter 19.3 Notes

The Reformation of Christianity

Reformers Call for Change

 $\cdot$  By the late Renaissance some people complained about the problems with the Catholic Church 
  -The people called on the leaders of the church to end corruption and focus on religion 
   *Their calls led to the Reformation 
Reformation: a reform movement against the Roman Catholic Church that began in 1517; it resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
 $\cdot$  Unpopular Church practices
  -Those who called for reform had many complaints against the church 

Multiple Choice

What Church did the people believe was corrupt?

• Protestant

• Catholic

• Greek

• Roman

   *Many believed that priests and bishops weren’t religious anymore

   *Others thought the pope was too involved in politics and neglecting his religious responsibilities 
 -Another issue had to do with the wealth of the church
   *The Roman Catholic Church became one of the richest institutions in Europe because it didn’t have to pay taxes
 $\cdot$  People objected to the way the Church made money
  -On method was the sale of indulgences 
   *An indulgence was a document given by the pope to excuse a person from penalties for the sin 

Open Ended

Why were indulgences important to wealthy people?

   *According to the church, an indulgence reduced the time that a person spent in purgatory

  -In Catholic teachings, purgatory was a place where souls went to make up for their sins before going to heaven
   *Many Chrisians thought that by selling indulgences, the church was letting people buy their way into heaven
 $\cdot$  By the early 1500s, scholars in northern Europe were calling for Church reforms 
  -On October 31, 1517, a priest named Martin Luther added his voice to the call for reform
   *Luther nailed a list of complaints about the church to the door of a church in Wittenberg in German state of Saxony
   *Luther’s list is called the Ninety-Five Theses

Fill in the Blanks

Name the man that nailed his issues with the Catholic Church to the Church?

  -Thanks to the newly invented printing press Luther’s papers could be distributed across Europe

   *Luther’s complaints angered many Catholics including Pope Leo X
   *Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther from the Empire and the Church 
 $\cdot$  Luther’s ideas are going to lead to the split in the church
  -The branch that was formed were called Protestants
Protestants: a Chrisitan who protested against the Catholic Church 

Multiple Choice

What new branch of Christianity was created?

• Protestant

• Catholic

• Lutheranism

• Greek Orthodoxic

 $\cdot$  Luther taught that anyone could have a direct relationship with God

  -Protestants believed they did not need a priest to talk to God for them 
   *This idea is called the priesthood of all believers 
   *These beliefs challenged the traditional structure and power of the church 
  -Luther encouraged people to live as the Bible said not how priests or the pope instructed 
   *To make this easier for the people, Luther translated the Bible’s New Testament into German so the common person could read the word of God
   *Translating the Bible was only Luther’s first step towards getting the common person involved in religion
   *People that followed Luther and his beliefs became known as Lutherans and the Lutheran Church was born

Multiple Choice

What language did Luther translate the Bible to for the common person?

• English

• Italian

• German

• Latin

 $\cdot$  Before Luther died in 1546, other reformers across Europe had begun to follow his example

  -William Tyndale, an English professor, thought that people should be able to read and interrupt the Bible 
   *Tyndale translated the Bible into English and Catholic authorities had him executed 
  -John Calvin was an influential reformer
   *Calvin’s main teaching was predestination (the idea that God knew who would be saved even before they were born)
   *Calvin believed that it did not matter what a person did in their lives but that their fate was already decided but people were still expected to follow God’s laws
   *In 1541, Geneva, Switzerland made Calvin their religious and political leader

Open Ended

What was Calvin's religious belief about people?

 $\cdot$  In England the major figure of the Reformation was King Henry VIII

  -Henry VIII wanted a divorce so he asked the Pope and the Pope refused so Henry VIII refused to listen to the Pope
   *In 1534, Henry declared himself as the head of a new church and called it the Church of England or Anglican Church 
  -Henry broke from the church for personal reasons not religious ones
   *So the practices and and traditions did not change from the Catholic Church

Open Ended

Why did Henry VIII leave the Catholic Church?

The Catholic Reformation

 $\cdot$   As Protestantism spread in the 1500s and 1600s, the Catholic leaders responded 
  -The Catholic branch of Christianity had a reform of its own and it was considered to be the Counter-Reformation 
Catholic Reformation: the effort of the late 1500s and 1600s to reform the Catholic Church from within; also called the Counter-Reformation
 $\cdot$  Catholic culture in Spain
  -Before the Catholic Reformation, Spanish leaders were trying to find ways to drive non-Catholics out of Spain

Open Ended

Why do you think the Catholic Reform started?

   *They forced all Muslims and Jews to convert to Catholicism if they wanted to stay in Spain

   *Spanish leaders ordered the Spanish Inquisition to punish any converts who were still practicing their old beliefs
 $\cdot$  In other parts of Europe, Catholic leaders were responding to the criticisms of the Protestants
  -Catholic reformers created new religious order or communities 
   *The first of the new orders were founded in 1534 by a Spanish noble 
   *This new order was call the Society of Jesuits or the Jesuits 

Multiple Choice

What European country founded the Jesuits?

• England

• France

• Germany

• Spain

Jesuits: members of a Catholic religious order created to serve the pope and the church

  -Their leader, Ignatius, fought as a knight and the Jesuits were trained to as disciplined as soldiers in their religious duties
   *By teaching people about Catholic ideas, the Jesuits hope to turn people against Protestantism
 $\cdot$  Many Catholic leaders felt more change was needed and created the Council of Trent
  -Clergy from across Europe came to debate, discuss and reform catholic teachings

Open Ended

What was the Council of Trent?

   *The council restated the importance of the clergy interpreting the Bible and it created new rules that clergy have to follow

  -Some Catholic Reformation leaders wanted to punish Protestants as heretics
   *The Pope created religious courts to punish Protestants in Italy 
 $\cdot$  Catholic Missionaries dedicated their lives to helping the church grow
  -Missionaries began traveling to foreign countries to spread the Catholic faith 
   *The activity increased the Catholic Reformation and Catholic teachings spread around the world

Fill in the Blanks

These people were sent around Europe to spread the Catholic faith and teachings.

  -Many of the new missionaries were Jesuits and they traveled to Africa, Asia and the Americas

   *A famous Jesuit priest named Francis Xavier was responsible for taking Catholicism to parts of India and Japan in the mid-1500s

Multiple Choice

What was the name of the famous Jesuit Priest?

• Henry VIII

• Francis Xavier

• Martin Luther

• Calvin

The Political Impact

 $\cdot$  The Reformation created a division within Europe
  -In Spain most people were Catholic and in the northern countries people were Protestant
   *The Holy Roman Empire was a patchwork of small kingdoms with some Catholics and some protestants
 $\cdot$  Religious Wars
  -Although most of France was still Catholic, French Protestants called Huguenots created tension in the country
   *The King of France was Catholic so he banded all Protestant religions 
   *Violence broke out in 1562

Multiple Select

Select the TWO groups that fought in France

• Jesuits

• French Catholic

• Huguenots

• English

  -The war between the Catholics and Huguenots continued off and on for decades 

   *The conflict ended in 1598

   *In the same year, King Henry IV issued the Edict of Nantes
  -his law granted religious freedom in most of France
 $\cdot$  Religious wars caused even more destruction in the Holy Roman Empire 
  -There, the King of Bohemia sparked a conflict when the King forced all his subjects to convert to Catholicism 
   *In 1618, Protestants rose up in revolt and it spread through the Holy Roman Empire 
   *This revolt started the Thirty Years’ War

Fill in the Blanks

What year did the Thirty Years War begin?

  -The Holy Roman Emperor sought help from Catholic nations and the Protestant sought allies as well 

   *The French King agreed to help the Protestants because he did not like the Holy Roman Emperor 
   *After 30 years of fighting, European leaders came to a peace agreement in 1648
   *This treaty also created Germany as an independent state
 $\cdot$  The Reformation led not only political changes but to social changes too 
  -Before the Reformation, European had no voice in governing the Catholic Church 
   *They simply followed the teachings of priests and bishops

Multiple Choice

What European country was created with the Thirty Years War peace treaty?

• Germany

• England

• France

• Spain

  -Protestant churches didn’t have priests, bishops or any other clergy

   *Instead, each congregation (community of worshippers) made their own rules and elected its own leaders 
  -Once people had control of their churches they started to seek political power in the government.
   *In the American colonies, congregations met to decide how to run their towns 
   *These meetings gave the people a chance to run their own governments this process is known as federalism
Federalism: the sharing of power between local governments and a strong central government

Multiple Choice

Where were people practicing federalism?

• France

• American colonies

• Spain

• Italy