Chapter 1, Lesson 2 "Sources of Law"

Chapter 1, Lesson 2 "Sources of Law"

Source of law

источник права

something (as a constitution, treaty, custom, or statute) that provides the authority for judicial decisions and for legislation

Statutes enacted by legislatures

законы, принятые законодательными органами

A statute is a rule or law which has been made by a government or other organization and formally written down.

to enact - to put into practice, to make law

The legislature of a particular state or country is the group of people in it who have the power to make and pass laws. (законодательная власть; законодательные учреждения)

The main difference between statute and law is that the statute is the written form of a law passed by a legislative body wherein, the law is the system of rules and regulations in a country to be followed by its citizens. Therefore, statute/statutory law is a part of the general term law.

The legislature passes a law through statutes, constitutions, acts, and other forms of legal documents. The statute is one such legal document that documents the law as formulated by the legislative body of a certain city/state or country.

Cases decided by the courts

дела, решенные судами

lawsuits/legal actions/legal disputes/ trials decided by the bench

bench - a group of judges or magistrates sitting together in a court, or all judges, collectively.

Legal system

правовая система, судебная система

A legal system is a procedure or process for interpreting and enforcing the law.

to interpret - толкование - to decide meaning or significance.

to enforce law — применить правовую норму, закон - If people in authority enforce a law or a rule, they make sure that it is obeyed, usually by punishing people who do not obey it.

to be patterned after ...

быть сделанным по образцу, быть скопированным с ...

Syn: is modelled

to codify laws

кодифицировать законы

to codify - arrange (laws or rules) into a systematic code ■ arrange according to a plan or system

Codified laws refer to the rules and regulations that have been collected, restated, and written down for the purpose of providing civil order to a society. This process of collecting, restating, and writing down laws is known as codification. Codified laws are sometimes referred to as statutes, codes, acts, bills, or simply laws.

to reduce laws to statutes

свести законы в статуты, уставы

to reduce smth to smth - means to change it by giving another form (usually more basic, a simplified form)

• Technically speaking, law is an idea presented in the form of a bill and passed by the two houses of legislature yet to be ratified by the President while statutes are laws that have been written and codified.

• Laws may be written or unwritten, and those that are written are called statutes.

Statutes must be in keeping with the constitution

статуты должны быть в соответствии с конституцией

be in keeping with smth. гармонировать, согласовываться с чем-л., соответствовать чему-л.; (to agree (with), to accord with)

Ex! His deeds are in keeping with his character but out of keeping with his words. (RHD) — Слова у него расходятся с делами, зато дела вполне под стать его характеру.

The constitution of a country or organization is the system of laws which formally states people's rights and duties

The difference between state and federal legislation originates from the fact that the federal government is for the whole country while that of a state is limited to its territory. The key difference is that the federal legislation is always the strongest in the case of a dispute between these two legislations.

Federal legislation is the laws created by the federal or the central government of a country. This law is supreme at all times. Federal legislation is in place to make the country united specially in the case of dealing with other countries. Federal legislation holds the right to decide on fields that has an impact to the country as a whole such as immigration law, bankruptcy law, civil rights law, copyrights and patent law, etc.

State legislation is the power a state holds to rule the people living in the particular territory that belongs to the state. Funding of elementary and secondary education, environmental issues, taxation policy of the state, health and human service, etc. are some of the important state subjects on which state laws hold supreme.

to overrule a statute

отменить (преодолеть) статут, закон

overrule - to set aside the decision to do smth

to violate constitutional provisions

нарушать конституционные положения

If someone violates an agreement, law, or promise, they break it.

A constitutional provision is a rule or law that comes from the constitution and not from any statutory or common law. These rules establish the most basic vital rights, restrictions and organizations in society, and they cannot be altered or amended by legislatures or by the courts.

A provision in a law or an agreement is an arrangement which is included in it.

written law

писанное право

statutes and constitutions

Also included under this heading

В это понятие также входит / это название охватывает также

it means also; this concept also includes

the law of the land

закон страны, право, действующее на территории страны

It refers to all of the laws in force within a country or region, including statute law and case-made law.

Unwritten law

неписанное право

the law based upon custom, usage, and judicial decisions, as distinguished from the enactments of a legislature, orders or decrees in writing, etc

Statutory law

статутное право

Statutory law or statute law is written law passed by a body of legislature

the product of the legislatures

продукт законодательной власти

The body having primary power to make written law.

the product of the courts

продукт деятельности судов

Court - a body established by law for the administration of justice by judges or magistrates. (bench, bar)

to decide a case

решать судебное дело

to decide a lawsuit

a lower-court decision

решение нижестоящего суда

lower court - a court whose decisions may be overruled by another court on appeal

to write an opinion

выносить письменное решение

to issue a written decision

to make up the body of case law

составлять основную часть прецедентного права



to establish a precedent

устанавливать прецедент

precedent - a judgment or decision of a court, normally recorded in a law report, used as an authority for reaching the same decision in subsequent cases.

administrative law

административное право

The branch of public law governing the exercise of powers and duties by public authorities

Отрасль права, охватывающая вопросы создания и деятельности административных ведомств [administrative agency ], правового регулирования их деятельности и контроля за ней, а также свод правил и иных подзаконных актов, издаваемых административными органами, которые регулируют экономическое и социальное поведение американцев

to make law

делать закон

matters under one's jurisdiction

вопросы, находящиеся в чьей-то юрисдикции

A jurisdiction is a state or other area in which a particular court and system of laws has authority.

ordinance

указ, декрет, постановление, ордонанс

an authoritative regulation, decree, law, or practice, rule

to be based on judicial decisions

быть основанным на юридических решениях

Federal law is the body of law created by the federal government of a country.

federal law

федеральный закон

Federal law is the body of law created by the federal government of a country.

conform to

to be in harmony with

соответствовать, гармонировать, подходить, быть в гармонии с... ,не противоречить

doesn't contradict, is consistent with, correspond to, be in keeping with

to be basic to

быть базовым, основным

to be closely related

быть тесно связанным

closely connected/ linked/ associated

the doctrine of separation of powers

доктрина разделения властей

doctrine (доктрина, теория, принцип)- a stated principle of government policy, mainly in foreign or military affairs (tenets)

separation of powers - The doctrine that the liberty of the individual is secure only if the three primary functions of the state (legislative, executive, and judicial) are exercised by distinct and independent organs.

the doctrine of judicial review

доктрина судебного надзора, судебного пересмотра

a constitutional doctrine that gives to a court system the power to annul legislative or executive acts which the judges declare to be unconstitutional