英语学习策略复习

08 英语学习策略复习

Justin

1. 二语习得的研究领域

二语习得的研究主要涉及三大领域：1）中介语研究 2）学习者内部因素研究 3）学习者外部因素研究

1. 二语习得的研究领域

1）中介语研究标志着二语习得作为独立研究领域的开始，主要涉及语言能力研究以及语用能力研究。

2）学习者内部因素从研究目的来看主要可以分为强调学习者共性以及强调研究者个体差异的研究。

3）学习者外部因素研究，其包括社会坏境，家庭环境，课堂环境以及教学方法。从现有的实证研究来看，单纯的外部因素研究几乎没有，主要基于其对学习者内部因素的影响以及对中介语的探究

2. 二语习得与英语学习策略的关系

英语学习策略是二语习得中学习内部因素研究的重要组成部分之一。

3. 对二语习得现状的改进建议

1) 加强“研究方法“课程的教学，从课程设置多样性以及课时总量

2）重视验证性研究，同时已发表的研究报道对研究步骤描述不够详细，难以重复

3） 同时要强调量化和质化方法的恰当使用

4. 学习策略研究的背景

1）理论背景

在行为主义心理学的影响下，教学理论的研究人员主要是致力于教师如何教（即如何有效地刺激）的研究，而相对忽视学生如何学的研究

20世纪60年代以后，随着现代认知心理学的发展，研究学习者内隐的思维过程成为了学习研究的重点。于是为英语学习策略研究提供了相应的理论基础。

2）社会背景

对英语学习策略的研究，是在现行教育体系，教学方法所培育出来的学生与社会要求极其不适应的矛盾尖锐化的背景下兴起的。具体表现为片面强调低级技能的学习而忽视学习方法及策略等高级技能的培养。

5. 学习策略的分类 （自己复习）

6. how do we learn our own language?

Research into L1 shows that the most important factor for L1 development is when children are interacting with people around them and when they are experimenting with the language for communication.

7. what is language?

language is a system of arbitrary, verbal symbols which permit all people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact. (Finocchiaro, 1964:8)

8. different views on language.

in the past century, language teaching and learning practices have been influenced by three different views of language, namely, the structural view, the functional view. Different views on language generate different teaching methodologies.

8. different views on language.

structural view: it sees language as a linguistic system but also as a means for doing things. Most of our day-to-day language use involves functional activities: offering, suggesting, advising, apologizing, etc.

8. different views on language.

therefore, learners learn a language in order to do things with it. To perform functions, learners need to know how to combine the grammatical rules and the vocabulary to express notions that perform the functions.

8. different views on language.

interactional view: it considers language as a communicative tool, whose main use is to build up ad maintain social relations between people. therefore, learners not only need to know the grammar and vocabulary of the language, but also need to know the rules for using them in a whole range of communicative context.

8. different views on language.

Behaviorist theory:

proposed by behavior psychologist Skinner, he suggested that learning is also a form behavior. it can be learned the same way as an animal is trained to respond to stimuli. this theory of learning is referred to as behaviorism.

8. different views on language.

according to Chomsky's theory, language is not a form of behavior, it is an intricate rule-based system and a large part of language acquisition is the learning of this system. there are a finite number of grammatical rules in the system ad with a knowledge of these rules an infinite number of sentences can be produced.

8. different views on language.

cognitivism: the term cognitivism is often used to describe method in which students are asked to think rather than simply repeat. It is Noam Chomsky's theory. the key point of Chomsky's theory is reflected in his most famous question:

8. different views on language.

the constructivist theory believes that learning is a process in which the learner constructs meaning based on his/her own experience and what he/she already knows

Therefore, teachers must balance an understanding of the habits, characteristics as well as personalities of individual learners with an understanding of the means of arousing learners' interests and curiosity for learning.

8. different views on language.

similar to constructivist theory, social-constructivist theory emphasizes interaction and engagement with the target language in social context based on the concept of "Zone of Proximal Development" (ZPD) （最近发展区间） and scaffolding (支架理论).

in other words, learning is best achieved through the dynamic interaction between the teacher and the learners.

9. culture learning strategies

1. taboo

2. Paying attention to allusions

3. paying attention to mainstream media

4. Using English-English dictionary

5. Exploring the cultural connotation of words

10.

1. what is an euphemism?

the use of a word which is thought to be less offensive or unpleasant than other word.

All indirect word or phrase that people often use to refer to sth embarrassing or unpleasant, sometimes to make it seem more acceptable than it really is.