Respiration

Respiration

Respiration

• #1 The human respiratory system

• #2 Gas exchange

• #3 Aerobic respiration

• #4 Keeping fit

• #5 Cigarettes and health

#1 The human respiratory system

Every cell in your body needs a supply of oxygen.

The cells use the oxygen for respiration. 

The produce carbon dioxide as a waste product.

The human respiratory system

Nasal cavity - хамрын хөндий

Larynx - төвөнх = Voice Box - дууны хөвч

Trachi (Windpipe) - мөгөөрсөн хоолой

Bronchus (plural: bronchi)- гуурсан хоолой

Bronchioles - нарийн гуурсанцар Alveoli - уушгины цулцан

Diaphragm - өрц

Multiple Choice

Given the following structures:

1. larynx

2. nasal cavity

3. pharynx

4. trachea

Which of the following is the correct order that air would flow during inhalation.

• 1,2,3,4

• 2,3,1,4

• 2,1,3,4

• 4,2,3,1

Multiple Choice

The airways that lead from the trachea into the lungs

• Trachea

• Larynx

• Bronchi

• Pharynx

Multiple Choice

It is also called as the voicebox

• Larynx

• Pharynx

• Alveoli

During inhalation, the diaphragm moves down and the volume of air increases the lung.

During exhalation, the diaphragm moves up and the volume of air decreases in the lung.

Multiple Choice

Name the two body parts that work together to force air IN and OUT of the body:

• Lungs and trachea

• Rib cage and diaphragm

• Diaphragm and nasal passage

• Rib cage and nasal passage

The oxygen comes from the air around you. About 20% of the air is oxygen.

The carbon dioxide that you cells produce goes back into the air around you. About 0.04% of the air is carbon dioxide.

The organs that help to get oxygen from the air into your blood, and to get rid of carbon dioxide, make up the respiratory system.

When you breathe in, air flows through the trachea and then into the two bronchi, which carry it deep inside the lungs.

When you breathe out, air flows back in the opposite direction.

_{Nasal cavity - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachi - Bronchus - Bronchioles - Alveoli}

Inside the lungs, oxygen passes from the air into the blood, and carbon dioxide passes out of the blood into the air.

This is called gas exchange._

#2 Gas exchange

The photograph on the right shows what your lungs look like inside, magnified about 300 times. 

You can see that they are full of spaces.

These spaces are called air sacs or alveoli, and they are full of air.

You cannot see them in the photograph, but there are lots of very tiny blood capillaries in the living tissue between the air sacs

How gas exchange takes place

^{The diagram on the right shows one of these air sacs and a nearby blood capillary.}

^{The blood inside the capillary has come from the heart.}

^{Before that, it came from the organs of the body.}

^{The cells in these organs used up oxygen and produced carbon dioxide. So this blood contains only a little oxygen, and a lot of carbon dioxide.}

How gas exchange takes place

^{The air inside the air sac has come from outside the body. It contains a lot of oxygen and very little carbon dioxide.}

^{Oxygen therefore diffuses from the air sac into the blood capillary. It diffuses into the red blood cells.} 

^{Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood inside the capillary into the air sac.}

Multiple Choice

what is found around alveoli?

• capillaries

• artery

• vein

Multiple Choice

The actual gas exchange with the blood occurs in the

• bronchi

• bronchioles

• alveoli

• larynx

#3 Aerobic respiration

respiration

Living cells need energy to stay alive.

They get their energy from nutrients, especially glucose.

Glucose contains chemical potential energy.

Inside cells, glucose takes part in a chemical reaction called respiration.

Aerobic respiration

In this reaction, the glucose combines with oxygen.

The chemical potential energy in the glucose is released, so that the cells can use it.

The oxygen that combines with the glucose in this reaction comes from the air. So this sometimes known as aerobic respiration. 

Multiple Choice

What type of respiration requires oxygen?

• Aerobic

• Anaerobic

Multiple Choice

What are the products of aerobic respiration?

• Glucose and oxygen

• Carbon dioxide and water

• Carbon monoxide

• Lactic acid

Multiple Choice

Aerobic respiration happens in the

• cytoplasm

• mitochondria

• chloroplast

Why do organisms need to respire?

^{Mammals and birds need energy to maintain a constant body temperature.}

^{Energy is also needed for the following life processes:}

Where does respiration occur?

Aerobic respiration happens all the time in the cells of animals and plants.

Most of the reactions involved happen inside mitochondria, tiny organelles inside the cytoplasm of the cell.

The reactions are controlled by enzymes

#4 Keeping fit

How fit are you?

^{A fit person can do moderate exercise easily, without getting too tired too quickly.}

^{For most of us , we just need to be able to run for a bus, to go for a cycle ride or to climb a new flights of stairs.} 

^{A professional athlete - such as a footballer, tennis player or racing car driver - has to be fit enough to do really vigorous exercise for a long time.}

Energy for muscles

When you are exercising, your muscles need energy.

Inside the muscle cells, energy is released from glucose, by respiration.

The energy is transferred to movement energy in the muscles.

The harder your muscles work, the faster they respire.

So hard-working muscles need really good supplies of the two reactants in respiration glucose and oxygen.

Energy for muscles

Glucose and oxygen are brought to the muscles in the blood.

This is why your heart beats faster when you exercise.

The heart pumps blood more quickly to the muscles.

You also breathe faster when you exercise.

Faster breathing movs air in and out of the lungs more quickly.

This means that more oxygen can get into the blood from the air sacs each minute.

Multiple Choice

When you exercise, your heart beats faster to...

• spread oxygen throughout your body more quickly.

• make you feel excited.

• let you know you're working hard.

• inflate your lungs

Multiple Choice

Cells use oxygen to break down glucose and release carbon dioxide through

• cellular respiration

• photosynthesis

Diet and fitness

Doing regular exercise will help you to keep fit.

Exercise helps your heart and breathing muscles to get strong, so they can work hard for you when you need them to.

Exercise also strengthens your muscles.

^{What you eat also affects your fitness.}

^{If someone eats too much and gets very overweight, they will become unfit because:}

• The extra mass of their body means that more energy is needed to move it around

• The heart has to work much harder to push blood around the larger body.

• The space inside the arteries may get narrower, because fat deposits build up inside them

#5 Cigarettes and health

_{The World Health Organization estimates that, each year:}

• ^{4.2 million people will die early as a result of smoking cigarettes}

• ^{Cigarettes kill half of all the people who smoke them regularly}

• ^{Smoking kills more people each year than all the deaths from HIV/AIDS, drugs and road accidents added together.}

People who do not smoke cigarettes themselves may get ill if they breathe in other people’s cigarette smoke.

Children are especially at risk, if adult in their home regularly smoke cigarettes.

What is in cigarette smoke?

• Nicotine

• Tar

• Carbon monoxide

• Particulates

Nicotine

^{Nicotine is a drug. A drug is a substance that changes the way the body works.}

^{Some drugs - for example, aspirin and antibiotics - are useful. However, nicotine is a harmful drug.}

^{Nicotine is addictive. This means that, once your body has got used to it, it is very difficult to stop taking it.}

Nicotine

Nicotine makes blood vessels get narrower, so the heart has to work harder to push blood through them.

Smokers are much more likely to develop heart disease than no-smokers.

Tar

^{Tar in cigarette smoke causes cancer.}

^{Cancer is a disease in which some cells divide uncontrollably, forming a lump called a tumour.} 

^{Many cancers can now be treated, but it is still very difficult to treat cancer in the lungs.}

^{Smoking cigarettes increases the risk of developing all types of cancer, but especially lung cancer.}

Carbon monoxide

Carbon monoxide is an invisible gas.

It combines with the haemoglobin inside red blood cells.

This means that they cannot carry as much oxygen.

Particulates

^{Particulates are tiny particles of soot and other substances.}

^{They get into the lungs and damage the cells.}

^{The thin walls of the air sacs may break down.}

^{This makes it much more difficult for oxygen to get from the air sacs into the blood.}

Multiple Choice

Tar greatly increases the risk of getting lung cancer and other cancers.

• true

• false

Multiple Choice

What substances damage the air sac?

• carbon monoxide

• Tar

• Particulates

• Nicotine

Multiple Choice

What kinds of substances are contained in a cigarette?

• Carbon monoxide, Tar, Nicotine, Particulates

• Carbon monoxide, Tar, Nicotine, Amino acid

• Carbon monoxide, Tar, Nicotine, glucose

Open Ended

How much did you understand?