APWH Review & HIPPO Marathon

APWH Review & HIPPO Marathon

Open Ended

Explain the point of view of this document:

Source: Kutlushah, Mongol military commander in the Ilkhanid Mongol khanate, speech at a government council meeting, as reported by the Muslim historian Mahmud al-Qashani, circa 1310.

What is this that we have done, abandoning the yasa [Mongol law] of Chinggis Khan, and taking up the ancient religion of the Arabs, with all its sects and divisions? We are now being asked to choose between two schools of Islamic law— but the choice of either of these two rites would be a disgrace and a dishonorable act. We seek refuge in God from both of them! Let us return to the yasa of Chinggis Khan!

Multiple Select

Which example(s) below would get the point for point of view?

Source: Kutlushah, Mongol military commander in the Ilkhanid Mongol khanate, speech at a government council meeting, as reported by the Muslim historian Mahmud al-Qashani, circa 1310.

What is this that we have done, abandoning the yasa [Mongol law] of Chinggis Khan, and taking up the ancient religion of the Arabs, with all its sects and divisions? We are now being asked to choose between two schools of Islamic law— but the choice of either of these two rites would be a disgrace and a dishonorable act. We seek refuge in God from both of them! Let us return to the yasa of Chinggis Khan!

• The Mongol military commander seems especially upset that Mongol culture is being abandoned by those that have adopted Islam, which makes sense because Mongol culture is what allowed the Mongols to become powerful and build their empire in the first place. He probably sees his position as a commander as originating from Mongol culture and traditions, which is why he doesn‘t like Islam.

• This is from the point of view of a Mongol military commander, Kutlushah. He is frustrated because he does not want to choose between the different versions of the Islamic faith that have been presented to him but instead would rather stick to the Mongol law that Genghis Khan put in place.

• This speech was given at a government council meeting, so it was likely used as a way to convince the rest of the government that they needed to maintain Mongolian superiority in Persia instead of assimilating and adopting the Persian culture of Islam.

Open Ended

Explain the historical situation of this document:

Source: Kutlushah, Mongol military commander in the Ilkhanid Mongol khanate, speech at a government council meeting, as reported by the Muslim historian Mahmud al-Qashani, circa 1310.

What is this that we have done, abandoning the yasa [Mongol law] of Chinggis Khan, and taking up the ancient religion of the Arabs, with all its sects and divisions? We are now being asked to choose between two schools of Islamic law— but the choice of either of these two rites would be a disgrace and a dishonorable act. We seek refuge in God from both of them! Let us return to the yasa of Chinggis Khan!

Multiple Select

Which example(s) below would get the point for historical situation?

Source: Kutlushah, Mongol military commander in the Ilkhanid Mongol khanate, speech at a government council meeting, as reported by the Muslim historian Mahmud al-Qashani, circa 1310.

What is this that we have done, abandoning the yasa [Mongol law] of Chinggis Khan, and taking up the ancient religion of the Arabs, with all its sects and divisions? We are now being asked to choose between two schools of Islamic law— but the choice of either of these two rites would be a disgrace and a dishonorable act. We seek refuge in God from both of them! Let us return to the yasa of Chinggis Khan!

• This document is from the Ilkhanate, which was the Mongolian khanate in Persia. It was from a speech that took place in 1310 at a government council meeting, which was then reported by a Muslim historian.

• During the Mongol rule of Persia, the Mongols adopted a lot of the same practices as the Persians, including the practice of Islam and the use of the government structures that were already established in Persia. This could have possibly made the commander nervous due to the growing assimilation

• During the Mongolian rule of Persia, they were hesitant to adopt any of the culture from the Persian peoples. They made it very hard for the Persians to be involved in the government, banned Islam, and even forbade intermarriage between Mongols and Persians.

Open Ended

Explain the purpose of this document:

Source: Alonso Ponce, Spanish priest, inspector of religious properties in Mexico, report to church authorities in Spain, 1588.

In Mexico, there are many valleys and wide and spacious savannas that provide pastures for cattle and sheep. Cattle have multiplied so much that it seems that they are native to the country, so full are the fields of them. They reproduce much more quickly than in Spain as the climate is temperate and there are no wolves to destroy them. They are being bred by settlers and Indians at less cost and with less labor than it would have been possible in Spain.

Multiple Select

Which example(s) below would get the point for the purpose?

Source: Alonso Ponce, Spanish priest, inspector of religious properties in Mexico, report to church authorities in Spain, 1588.

In Mexico, there are many valleys and wide and spacious savannas that provide pastures for cattle and sheep. Cattle have multiplied so much that it seems that they are native to the country, so full are the fields of them. They reproduce much more quickly than in Spain as the climate is temperate and there are no wolves to destroy them. They are being bred by settlers and Indians at less cost and with less labor than it would have been possible in Spain.

• The purpose of this document is to report back to the church authorities about the religious properties in Mexico.

• The report served to detail for church authorities the agricultural potential of territories in Mexico, possibly in order to make Mexico more attractive so that church officials would be more likely to risk sending more missionaries to the Americas.

• This document is to tell the church authorities about how useful the land in Mexico was that was owned by the church, so that they could choose to also start investing in more farmland so that they could get more natural resources that were a big draw of colonization.

Open Ended

Explain the intended audience of this document:

Source: Alonso Ponce, Spanish priest, inspector of religious properties in Mexico, report to church authorities in Spain, 1588.

In Mexico, there are many valleys and wide and spacious savannas that provide pastures for cattle and sheep. Cattle have multiplied so much that it seems that they are native to the country, so full are the fields of them. They reproduce much more quickly than in Spain as the climate is temperate and there are no wolves to destroy them. They are being bred by settlers and Indians at less cost and with less labor than it would have been possible in Spain.

Multiple Select

Which example(s) below would get the point for the intended audience?

Source: Alonso Ponce, Spanish priest, inspector of religious properties in Mexico, report to church authorities in Spain, 1588.

In Mexico, there are many valleys and wide and spacious savannas that provide pastures for cattle and sheep. Cattle have multiplied so much that it seems that they are native to the country, so full are the fields of them. They reproduce much more quickly than in Spain as the climate is temperate and there are no wolves to destroy them. They are being bred by settlers and Indians at less cost and with less labor than it would have been possible in Spain.

• This is directed to the church authorities in Spain during the 16th century.

• This document is going back to Spain, potentially to the King or Pope, to talk about how beneficial it is to continue sending Spanish people to the Americas. He wants to make sure that he points out how prosperous that the land in Mexico is, focusing for example on the cattle and sheep who are bred at very little cost compared to what it would be in Spain. This is done so that the King in Spain is going to want to send more settlers there to establish a large settler colony.

• This document is sent from a Spanish priest to the church authorities in Spain. During this time, the Catholic Reformation was in full swing and a major component of exploration was to spread Catholicism, in particular through the form of missionaries. Because he is writing to the church authorities, it is important to make sure that he exemplifies the benefits of Mexico so that they will continue to invest in that region for the diffusion and conversion of Catholicism.

Multiple Choice

Which of these options would earn the contextualization point for this prompt?

Evaluate the extent to which urban centers served as hubs of economic activity between the twelfth and seventeenth centuries.

• Between the 12th and 17th century, Dar al-Islam, the Mongol Empire, and China's Song & Ming dynasties helped unify and protect large portions of the Eurasian trade routes. At the same time, new technology for land and sea travel made long trips easier. Because of this, trade, especially in luxury goods, increased, and cities began to spring up along the trade routes.

• Cities were affected by many problems between the 12th and 17th centuries. Sometimes the problem was man-made- like the arrival of the Mongol armies. Other times the problems were biological, like the Black Death decimated the cities of Europe in the 14th century.

Multiple Choice

Which would earn the thesis point?

Prompt: Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which economic systems led to political stability in one or more regions between 1200 and 1750.

• Economic systems led to political stability around the world between 1200 and 1750. In Europe, the Catholic Church held ultimate authority helping keep kingdoms stable. Similarly, Buddhism and Shinto in Japan provided a foundation for political stability.

• In both Japan and much of Europe, feudalism was used to maintain the governing system through a hierarchy that demanded respect and support for the ruling class. However, later in the period, the European economic system became one based on colonies and expansion increasing the power of the governments wihle the Japanese leaders opted for an isolationist economy to secure stability.

Multiple Choice

Which would earn the thesis point?

Prompt: Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which the impact of new belief systems in the Americas differed from the impact of new belief systems in Sub-Saharan Africa after 1450.

• The impact of new belief systems in the Americas differed from that of Africa because in the Americas the result was several syncretic belief systems blending traditional and Christian ideas, which was much less common in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, in both regions, Protestantism was firmly established where the British formed settler colonies.

• Philosophy and religion were different yet similar in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas after 1450. Enlightened philosophy was more prevalent in the Americas as they fought for independence. Also, Islam played a much larger role in society in East Africa than it did anywhere in the Americas.

Multiple Choice

Which would earn the thesis point?

Prompt: Develop an argument that evaluates the extent to which belief systems influenced culture in one or more regions between 1000 and 1750.

• Islam had several cultural effects on South Asia from 1000 to 1750. A long-term effect was the creation of a syncretic architectural style. Another long-term effect was the creation of the Sikh faith as a reaction to Hindu-Muslim interactions. A proximate effect was a cultural tolerance between the ruling Muslims and the majority Hindus.

• In East Asia during the period most people were either Buddhist or Confucianist with some Daoist people. The Buddhists were seen as foreigners and disliked by the others. Most merchants were Buddhist, so they were often rich. The government was run by bureaucrats who took civil service exams based on Confucianism. In Japan, Shinto and Buddhism coexisted.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following societies engaged in extensive maritime trade well beyond their borders in the fifteenth century?

• Mesoamericans in the Pacific Ocean

• Bantu peoples in the Indian Ocean

• Chinese in the Indian Ocean

• Russians in the Pacific Ocean

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements about Africa after 1946 is true?

• Most African colonies gained national independence.

• The Organization of African Unity resolved the issues that most African states found divisive.

• Most African countries joined either NATO or the Warsaw Pact.

• There was little postcolonial conflict in newly independent states.

Multiple Choice

In developed countries during the second half of the twentieth century, more effective methods of contraception contributed to which of the following?

• A rise in the birth rate among affluent women

• Greater control by women over their own fertility

• A loss of power by women within the patriarchal family

• National suffrage movements and the acquisition of voting rights

Multiple Choice

All of the following have been African contributions to cultures in the Americas EXCEPT

• African forms of religious observance

• African musical forms

• knowledge of how to grow African crops

• African monetary systems

Multiple Choice

During the seventeenth century, one of the reasons Africans participated in the Atlantic slave trade was

• the demand for weapons among African elites

• bribery of African leaders by Caribbean plantation owners

• the desire of African leaders to dominate the Atlantic trade network

• the ambition of African leaders to gain a foothold in the Americas

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the basis for nearly all the boundaries of today’s sub-Saharan African states?

• Postcolonial conquests of one African state by another

• Fragmentation of countries after they achieved independence from Europe

• Decisions by European powers during the process of colonization

• International agreements mediated by the United Nations

Multiple Choice

Which of the following most directly explains the importance of improved agricultural productivity to the industrialization of economic production in western Europe in the period 1750–1900 ?

• Because the nutritional quality of food greatly improved, more people were able to sustain the long working hours that factory labor required.

• Because less labor was needed on farms, more people moved to urban areas to work in factories.

• Because farmers needed less land to produce the same amount of food, they could build textile factories on the excess land.

• Because greater quantities of food could be sold at higher prices, governments could tax farmers at higher rates and use those revenues to build factories.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following was the most important factor in the spread of the bubonic plague in Eurasia?

• The Mongol expansion from central Asia to China, eastern Europe, and the Middle East

• The consolidation of western European monarchies

• The spread of Buddhism from central Asia to China

• The population decline and the outbreak of peasant revolts in eastern Europe

Multiple Choice

All of the following resulted from the growth of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa EXCEPT

• the shift in trade focus from Saharan routes to the coast

• destabilization of local African societies

• the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market

• increased violence through widespread use of firearms

Multiple Choice

The Mongol conquests of much of Eurasia in the thirteenth century tended to encourage trade along the Silk Roads primarily by

• opening large new markets for both European and East Asian goods in Central Asia

• increasing the demand for military supplies needed by the Mongol armies that occupied various regions

• decreasing the risk of bandit attacks and reducing the number of local rulers collecting tribute from trade caravans

• discouraging seaborne trade along the Indian Ocean routes that competed with the Silk Roads

Multiple Choice

In the period 1500 to 1750, the population of the Portuguese colony of Brazil grew rapidly and became predominantly African. Which of the following best explains these demographic changes?

• The adoption of indigenous food crops by African migrants

• Portuguese loss of colonial holdings in the Indian Ocean

• The rapid natural increase of Brazil’s early slave population

• The increase in global demand for cash crops such as sugar

Multiple Choice

The industrialization of Great Britain’s economy in the mid-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries is most directly explained by which of the following?

• Britain had large reserves of petroleum.

• British scientists were the first to discover electricity.

• Britain had large reserves of coal.

• British engineers developed new methods of producing cheaper steel.

Multiple Choice

What was the leading cause of the unprecedented increase in global population in the twentieth century?

• The end of international epidemics

• Global warming and other types of climate change

• The impact of medical innovations and public health measures

• The reduction of world hunger

Multiple Choice

Which of the following was a principal cause of the Cold War?

• Proxy wars in Latin America

• Competition for natural resources in Africa

• The nuclear arms race

• Conflicting capitalist and communist ideologies

Multiple Choice

In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the commonly held view that Europeans controlled the largest share of world trade in the seventeenth through the eighteenth centuries.

Which of the following evidence from the period would best support this historical reinterpretation?

• Prices for Chinese goods were much higher in Europe than in China.

• European trading companies often backed their long-distance trading ventures with the threat of military force.

• Asian trading companies dominated trade in the Indian Ocean region.

• European merchants transported only a fraction of the goods shipped globally.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following represents a significant change in Africa between 1450 C.E. and 1750 C.E.?

• Bantu-speaking people spread iron metallurgy to East and Central Africa.

• Europeans established settler colonies in East and Central Africa.

• Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara.

• Islam was introduced and widely adopted in North Africa.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following was a major change in global patterns of religious beliefs and practices in the period 1450-1750 C.E.?

• The emergence of syncretic religions led to an increase in polytheism.

• Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities.

• Intellectual movements such as the European Enlightenment weakened the authority of established religions and led to the growing popularity of atheism worldwide.

• Messianic, revivalist, and fundamentalist movements came to dominate the indigenous religious traditions in Africa, Asia, and the Americas in response to Western imperialism.

Multiple Choice

Historians consider the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to be a time of great change in cultivation methods and in the physical landscape of Latin America.

Which of the following pairings was most responsible for these changes?

• Terraces and cacao

• Encomiendas and corn

• Horses and potatoes

• Slave labor and sugar

Multiple Choice

Which of the following was a major unintended effect of the publication of Charles Darwin’s 1859 work On the Origin of Species?

• It became the basis for scientific research of human development.

• It provided a scientific explanation of the evolution of animals and plants.

• It became the basis for all subsequent scientific research on species extinction.

• It became the basis of various theories asserting that Europeans were naturally superior to other peoples.

Multiple Choice

China’s strategy for modernization and economic development in the 1950s most closely resembled the developmental strategy of

• India

• Japan

• Britain

• the Soviet Union

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the relationship that the Chinese and Aztec empires had with their respective peripheral states during the fifteenth century C.E.?

• Both empires used military force to severely limit the sovereignty of their peripheral states to their core states.

• Both empires welcomed the diffusion of cultural traditions from their peripheral territories.

• Both empires established tributary relationships with their peripheral states.

• Both empires actively sought to assimilate the citizens of their peripheral states into their respective core cultures.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following accurately describes the effect of the spread of Christianity among most Amerindian societies after 1500 C.E.?

• Christianity completely supplanted Amerindian religious beliefs and practices shortly after the conquest.

• Amerindians maintained local customs by combining indigenous beliefs with elements of Christianity.

• Amerindians’ resistance to Christianity resulted in widespread European conversions to indigenous religions.

• Amerindian religious beliefs and practices were respected by Europeans who considered them equal to Christian beliefs and practices.

Multiple Choice

All of the following were policies pursued by both the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War EXCEPT

• reliance on military alliances for national security

• promotion of proxy wars in other states

• centralized planning of the national economy

• development of massive nuclear arsenals

Multiple Choice

Which of the following describes the most important cause of the demographic changes associated with the Columbian Exchange?

• The spread of New World diseases to Afro-Eurasia and environmental damage in the Americas

• The introduction of New World food crops to Afro-Eurasia and the spread of epidemic diseases to the Americas

• Environmental degradation in Afro-Eurasia and the spread of Afro-Eurasian food crops to the Americas

• European settlement in the Americas and the forced migration of Native Americans to Afro-Eurasia

Multiple Choice

The Columbian Exchange involved which of the following new connections in the era 1450–1750?

• European food to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere diseases to Europe; African population to Europe

• Western Hemisphere technology to Africa; African food to Europe; European population to the Western Hemisphere

• European technology to Africa; Western Hemisphere population to Africa; African food to the Western Hemisphere

• African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

Multiple Choice

Which of the following consequences of the Columbian Exchange most affected Amerindians in the sixteenth century?

• Diseases caused pandemics.

• Newly introduced crops replaced indigenous American crops.

• The influx of African slaves displaced Amerindians.

• European livestock disrupted Amerindian agriculture.

Multiple Choice

In order to achieve victory in China and Vietnam, Asian communists such as Mao Zedong and Ho Chi Minh did which of the following?

• Relied on the leadership of educated urban elites and factory workers.

• Retained key elements of Confucianism while deposing the traditional elites.

• Gained the support of fascists in the Second World War to defeat local enemies.

• Adapted their revolutionary theories to reflect the major concerns of the peasants.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following European developments is most closely associated with the revolution in Haiti?

• The Protestant Reformation

• The Russian Revolution

• The French Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution

Multiple Choice

Which of the following was the most direct consequence of the widespread availability of a reliable birth control pill during the twentieth century?

• An increased participation of women in the workforce

• An increased percentage of men occupying political office

• An increased percentage of men primarily responsible for work within the household

• An increased infant mortality rate

Multiple Choice

All of the following resulted from the growth of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa EXCEPT

• the shift in trade focus from Saharan routes to the coast

• destabilization of local African societies

• the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market

• increased violence through widespread use of firearms