07.06.21 Yr 10 Climate Change and Tectonic Hazards Revision

Climate Change and Tectonic Hazards

Revision

What is the difference between.....

Climate Change and Global Warming?

• Climate is the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period of time.

• Global warming is....

• Global warming is the long-term heating of Earth's climate

Multiple Choice

The warming of the earth by the trapping of heat in the atmosphere is called...

• evaporation

• condensation

• the greenhouse effect

• radiation

Natural Causes

• Volcanic Eruptions – emit gases like Sulphur dioxide which can block out the sun make the climate cooler in the short term. Also produce CO2 which warms the planet long-term.

• Orbital Changes - the orbit the earth takes around the sun changes shape. Every 100,000 years the earth moves further away from the sun, and then closer towards it, which decreases and then increases temperatures on Earth

• Sun Spots – every 11 years more energy is produced by the sun, leading to an increase in temperatures on Earth.

Human Causes

• Fossil Fuels – Burning fossil fuels to generate electricity releases carbon dioxide (CO₂₎. 50% of greenhouse gases. Increasing use of cars and transportation means additional Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) being released into the atmosphere.

• Deforestation – Logging and clearing land for agriculture increases the amount of CO₂ in the atmosphere, as less photosynthesis occurs.

• Agriculture – Accounts for 20% of greenhouse gases. As global population increases, demand for meat also increases - melting permafrost also releases methane

• Greenhouse Gases trap heat in the atmosphere and stop it escaping.

Multiple Choice

The increase in which greenhouse gas is linked to the rise in the demand for meat?

• Carbon Dioxide

• Nitrous Oxide

• Methane

• Oxygen

Multiple Choice

Which of these is NOT a natural cause of climate change

• Volcanic Eruption

• Changes to the earths orbit around the sun

• Increasing number of animals for farming

• Sun Spots

Multiple Choice

The average temperature of the surface of Earth has increased approximately 1°C in the past century. Which reason best explains this increase in temperature?

• lower levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

• lower levels of nitrogen in the atmosphere

• higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

• higher levels of oxygen in the atmosphere

Short Term Climate Change Evidence

• Increase in temperatures – we have seen a rapid increase in temperatures in the last 100 years. This proves that the climate is changing. 1^oC increase in temperature over last 100 years.

• Glaciers melting – glaciers are shrinking at a shocking rate, Scientists monitor the sizes of many glaciers. The temperatures increasing has shrunk many glaciers. 

• Sea Levels - 19cm sea level rise since 1900. Melting glaciers and melting sea ice have contributed to the increase in sea levels

Long Term Climate Change Evidence

• Long Term - Tree Rings

• Wide = more growth = more rainfall

• Thin = less growth = more drought

• Long Term - Ice Cores

• Scientists can tell from drilling into the ice the temperatures in the past by assessing how much ice has melted in each layer.

Climate Change Effects

• Increase in storms and flooding due to increasing temperatures causing more evaporation, and melting glaciers which is causing sea levels to rise.

• Increase in greenhouse gases has led to an increase in temperatures = more drought / desertification / crop failure / risk of disease

• Economic Impacts, winter tourism industry may decline, as levels of snowfall reduce in Europe

Mitigation against Climate Change (reducing the effects)

• Afforestation – planting trees to mitigate the amount being cut down and absorb more CO2.

• International agreements (e.g. Paris/Kyoto) between countries to meet certain carbon emissions targets.

• Alternative energy sources – using renewable energy such as wind and solar power to generate electricity

• Carbon capture – capturing the carbon emitted in a capture plant, and sending it to be stored underground through pipelines.

Adapting to Climate Change (dealing with the impact)

• Planting drought resistant crops - changing farming methods

• Building homes on stilts - flood protection measures

• Managing water supplies - water efficient devices - desalination plants

Multiple Choice

Wide gaps in the rings of trees mean that

• The climate during this year was hotter

• The climate during this year was colder

• The climate during this year was drier

• The climate during this year was wetter

Multiple Choice

How can farmers adapt to impacts of climate change?

• Change to farming animals instead of crops

• Change to agri-business

• Introduce drought-resistant crops

• Use more fertilisers

Tectonic Hazards

Where do earthquakes form?

• The earth is made up of four layers: the inner core, outer core, mantle and crust.  

• The crust is split up into large chunks of rock called tectonic plates. These are forced to move by convection currents in the mantle.

• Tectonic plates are made of jagged rock. As they slide past they get stuck together. As they continue to push against each other pressure builds. 

• Eventually this pressure is released as an earthquake, and energy is sent in waves in all directions. 

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a true statement about tectonic plates?

• All tectonic plates are located at Earth's core

• They're located approximately 10 meters below the surface of the ocean

• They're located in the molten layer beneath Earth's crust

• Tectonic plates are constantly moving

• Earthquakes can occur at both conservative boundaries (where plates slide past each other)

• The can also occur at destructive boundaries (where plates come together and one is subducted under the other).

• Focus: The point along the plate boundary at which the earthquake occurs, usually deep under the ground.

• Epicentre: The point on the Earth’s surface that is directly above the focus.

• Seismic waves: Energy released from the earthquake travels out from the focus in waves through the ground.

  
  

Multiple Choice

Where is the point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake?

• Epicenter

• Fault

• Hypocenter

• Focus

Multiple Choice

Where is the point at which the first movement occurs during an earthquake?

• Epicenter
• Focus
• Fault
• Plate

Primary/Secondary, what's the difference?

• Primary effects of an earthquake

• Property, buildings destroyed, People Killed, Roads/bridges/railways damaged, Water Pipes and Electric Cables broken

• Secondary effects of an earthquake

• Business reduced and addittional money spend on repairs, so economy slows down.

• Blocked transport infrastructure slows rescue causing further deaths

• Damaged Gas pipes and electric cables cause fire hazards

• Lack of clean water due to broken water pipes, increasing spread of disease

P.P.P.M

• Predict - Earthquakes are almost impossible to predict. Looking at historical records to understand where/when they have occurred in the past.

• Seismometer is used to measure the ground shaking, and may sense small tremors in the earth before a big quake.

• Protection - Earthquake-proof buildings use expensive materials, technology and the latest designs to protect properties from the effects of earthquakes.

• Sea walls can be built to protect areas from tsunamis caused by earthquakes.

• Planning - During earthquakes shops, roads, gas and electricity can be cut off, and buildings can collapse. Locals must Prepare emergency kits.

• They must also practice earthquake drills, to know how to react in a quake.

• Monitoring - Earthquakes are not as easy to predict. However, there are still some ways of monitoring the chances of an earthquake.

  Laser beams can detect plate movement.

  Seismometers can pick up the vibrations.

  Levels of radon gas can be monitored - a sudden increase may suggest a quake.

Multiple Choice

A sudden decrease in the level of radon gas emitted from the earths crust is an warning sign that an earthquake might happen soon

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Plastic rings underneath the building help move the earthquakes shockwaves...

• Through the building

• Up the building

• Deep into the ground

• Around the building

Multiple Choice

Earthquake proof buildings are built using....

• Deep Foundations

• Solid Foundations

• Flexible Foundations

• No Foundations