AE 413 - MODULE 1

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Jahaziel Vargas-Herrera

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AE 413 - MODULE 1

Air Transport Overview of Historical Development

by Engr. Jahaziel Vargas-Herrera

HISTORICAL TIMELINE

Multiple Choice

In November 20, 1931, Legislative Act No. 3909 passed by the Congress of the Philippines created an Office under the __________________________ to handle aviation matters, particularly the enforcement of rules and regulations governing commercial aviation as well as private flying.

Department of Commerce and Communications

Department of Transportation

Department of Commerce

Department of Communications

It was amended by Act 3996 to include licensing of airmen and aircraft, inspection of aircraft concerning air traffic rules, schedules and rates, and enforcement of aviation laws.

Multiple Choice

TRUE OR FALSE. During 1932 to 1936 there were still no standard procedures as to the licensing of airmen, registration of aircraft and recording of various aeronautical activities connected with commercial aviation.

TRUE

FALSE

Multiple Choice

The Philippine Government passed the Civil Aeronautics Act known as __________in 1952. It gave the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) and the Air Transportation Office (ATO) the authority to promote adequate, economical, and efficient passenger airline service and those of other carriers at reasonable charges and promote competition between passenger airlines and other carriers to the extent necessary in order to ensure the development of the Philippine air transportation system.

Republic Act 776

Republic Act 9497

Republic Act 3909

Republic Act 1024

There were attempts made to register planes and their owners without ascertaining their airworthiness and to record names of pilots, airplane mechanics, and other details.

Multiple Choice

The Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP) was created in 2008 by virtue of RA _______.

Republic Act 776

Republic Act 9497

Republic Act 3909

Republic Act 1024

Multiple Choice

TRUE OR FALSE.

CIVIL AERONAUTICS BOARD is tasked with the technical aspects of civil aviation.

TRUE

FALSE

Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP)

Former Air Transportation Office
Tasked with the technical aspects of civil aviation.
Bureau of Aeronautics, Civil Aviation Authority, Bureau of Air Transportation (former names)

Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP)

is the national aviation authority of the Philippines and is responsible for implementing policies on civil aviation to assure safe, economic and efficient air travel.

Mandates & Functions

- Establish and prescribe rules and regulations for the inspection and registration of all aircraft owned and operated in the Philippines and all air facilities;
- Establish and prescribe the corresponding rules and regulations for the enforcement of laws governing air transportation;
- Determine, fix and/or prescribe charges and/or rates pertinent to the operation of public air utility facilities and services;
- Administer and operate the Civil Aviation Training Center (CATC);
- Operate and maintain national airports, air navigation and other similar facilities in compliance to ICAO;
- Perform such other powers and functions as may be prescribed by law.

Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)

Tasked with the commercial aspects of civil aviation.
Originally with the Department of Commerce and Industry reporting to the President.
During Martial Law, under the Ministry of Tourism reporting to the Prime Minister.
In the time of President Aquino, CAB is under the Department of Transportation and Communications.

The Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)

is the agency of the government mandated to regulate the economic aspect of air transportation, and shall have the general supervision, control and jurisdiction over air carriers, general sales agents, cargo sales agents, and air freight forwarders as well as their property, property rights, equipment, facilities, and franchise (R.A. No. 776, as amended by P.D. 1462).

The Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB)

CAB is an attached agency of the Department of Transportation (DOTr). In the exercise of its regulatory powers, it is authorized to issue Certificates of Public Convenience and Necessity (CPCN) to domestic carriers, Foreign Air Carrier's Permit (FACP) to foreign carriers, and Letters of Authority to airfreight forwarders, general sales agents, cargo sales agents who are fit, willing, and able to perform services as required by public convenience and necessity. CAB likewise performs quasi-judicial functions.

Multiple Choice

This airline founded by a group of businessmen lead by Andres Soriano in 1941, was granted the monopoly causing other airlines to be closed down.

Cebu Pacific

Philippine Airlines

Air Manila

Filipinas Orient Airlines

PAL becomes first Asian airline to cross the Pacific when it operated a chartered Douglas DC-4 on the first of several flights to ferry home initially 40 US servicemen. Each crossing took 41 hours with fuelling stops at Guam, Wake, Kwajelein and Honolulu.

Multiple Choice

They issued the 1st airworthiness & registration requirements in the world.

Philippines

United States of America

China

United Kingdom

Blériot XI, civil registration G-AANG. Built in 1909 and operated by the Shuttleworth Collection in the United Kingdom, this is the world's oldest airworthy aircraft

Multiple Choice

In 1995, the government liberalized the airline industry under Executive Order (EO) _________.

(EO) 219

(EO) 215

(EO) 217

(EO) 216

Multiple Choice

Known as the Air Commerce Act which directed the Secretary of Public Works and Communications to create a division that would regulate air commerce and develop air transport faster.

Act 3909

Act 4147

Act 4033

Act 2232

Multiple Choice

This law required that a commercial aviation operator must have a legislative franchise.

Act 3909

Act 4147

Act 4033

Act 2232

Multiple Choice

The first airline to launch scheduled services and commenced operations in 1941 as Philippine Air Lines.

Philippine Air Service Inc. (PASI)

Philippine Airways (PA)

Philippine Aerial Taxi Company (PATCO)

CebGo

Multiple Choice

The first real Filipino Airline led by the Lopez Family.

Philippine Air Service Inc. (PASI)

Philippine Airways (PA)

INAEC (Iloilo-Negros Air Express Company)

Philippine Air Lines (PAL)

Multiple Choice

The first government airline to fly passengers and mail under Commonwealth Government.

Philippine Air Service Inc. (PASI)

Philippine Airways (PA)

Philippine Air Lines (PAL)

Philippine Air Service (PAS)

Multiple Choice

This law designated Philippine Airlines as the country's national flag carrier for security and national defense as well as for international commerce.

Act 4147

Act 2232

Act 776

Act 4033

Multiple Choice

Airlines that can accommodate around 50-76 seats and can travel for short distances compared with mainline airlines.

Regional Airlines

Mainline Airlines.

Charters

Cargo Airlines

Multiple Choice

Airlines that operate by their main operating unit and can accommodate

100 seats or more:

Regional Airlines

Mainline Airlines.

Charters

Cargo Airlines

Multiple Choice

Airlines that accommodate unscheduled flights and offers their fleet for private use.

Regional Airlines

Mainline Airlines.

Charters

Cargo Airlines

Airlines are classified by their routes and by their schedules.

Domestic Airlines
International Airlines

SCHEDULED

NON-SCHEDULED

A Scheduled Airline Is a company that offers scheduled services (revenue) - are flights scheduled and performed for remuneration according to a published timetable, or so regular or frequent as to constitute a recognizably systematic series, which are open to direct booking by members of the public; and extra section flights occasioned by overflow traffic from scheduled flight

A Non-scheduled airline is a company that offers unscheduled air transport services of passengers or goods at an hourly or per mile / kilometer charge for chartering the entire aircraft along with crew. A non-scheduled airline may hold domestic or international licences, or both, and operates under the regulations prescribed by its respective civilian national aviation authority

CLASSIFICATION OF

PASSENGER AIRLINES

MAINLINE AIRLINES
REGIONAL AIRLINES
CHARTERS

MAINLINE AIRLINES

Mainline carriers typically operate between hub airports within their network and on international or long-haul services, using narrow-body and wide-body aircraft.
This is in contrast to regional airlines, providing feeder services to hub airports operating smaller turboprop or regional jet aircraft, or low-cost carrier subsidiaries serving leisure markets.
Airlines that operate by their main operating unit and can accommodate 100 seats or more.

Feeder airline refers to the airlines that brings-in traffic from destinations that are not served by larger carriers to hub airports. These airlines are often regional carriers.

REGIONAL AIRLINES

Airlines that operate regional aircraft to provide passenger air service to communities without sufficient demand to attract mainline service.
Airlines that can accommodate around 50-76 seats and can travel for short distances compared with mainline airlines.
A number of regional airlines were also previously known as commuter airlines.

Cebgo

As of May 2021, Cebgo operates the following aircraft:

13 In-service ATR 72-600 (78 seats)
2 ATR 72-500/P2F Cargo

First ATR 72-600 High Capacity delivered to Cebu Pacific

Cebgo's ATR 72-500 at Ninoy Aquino International Airport

Cebgo currently flies to 30 destinations across the Philippines from its hubs Ninoy Aquino International Airport and Mactan Cebu International Airport

World’s Best Regional Airline 2019

According to Skytrax (a United Kingdom-based consultancy which runs an airline and airport review and ranking site)

Bangkok

Airways

Regional Airlines

Typical seat map of a smaller regional airliner as is often flown by the regional airlines. The smallest aircraft flown under such brands and regional airlines may or may not have lavatories.

Largest Regional Airline

The largest regional airline is Skywest Airlines, which serves around 40 million passengers on regional flights each year.

Skywest

Airlines

There are two main ways for a regional airline to do business:

AFFILIATED AIRLINE, contracting with a major airline, operating under their brand name (for example, Endeavor Air operates flights under the Delta Connection brand name for Delta Air Lines), and filling two roles: delivering passengers to the major airline's hubs from surrounding towns, and increasing frequency of service on mainline routes during times when demand does not warrant use of large aircraft, known as commuter flights.

Endeavor Air

An American regional airline that operates as Delta Connection for Delta Air Lines. The airline was founded as Express Airlines I in 1985 and changed names to Pinnacle Airlines in 2002.

An Endeavor Air CRJ-900 arriving to John F. Kennedy International Airport

2. Operating as an INDEPENDENT AIRLINE under their own brand, mostly providing service to small and isolated towns, for whom the airline is the only reasonable link to a larger town. Examples of this are PenAir, which links the remote Aleutian Islands to Anchorage, Alaska, and Mokulele Airlines, which operates in the Hawaiian islands.

PenAir

Peninsula Airways, operated as PenAir, was a U.S.-based regional airline headquartered in Anchorage, Alaska. It was Alaska's second-largest commuter airline operating scheduled passenger service, as well as charter and medevac services throughout the state

A PenAir Saab 2000 boarding passengers in Bethel, AK

Term	Definition	Key Characteristics	Example
Feeder Airlines	Airlines or routes that "feed" passengers into a larger hub for transfer to a mainline or long-haul flight.	- Connect small airports to large hub airports - Often under codeshare with mainline carriers	PAL Express (feeds to PAL)
Commuter Airlines	Airlines that operate very short-haul, frequent services, often daily or multiple times a day, usually serving business travelers.	- High frequency - Very short distances - Often in metropolitan or closely linked areas	Not a common formal term in PH context, but short Cebu–Tagbilaran type routes may fit.
Regional Airlines	Airlines that operate within a specific region, often short to medium-haul routes using smaller aircraft.	- Serve regional/domestic areas - May operate independently or under a major carrier’s brand	Cebgo, PAL Express

CHARTERS

Airlines that accommodate unscheduled flights and offers their fleet for private use.
Air Charter is the business of renting an entire aircraft (i.e., chartering) as opposed to individual aircraft seats (i.e., purchasing a ticket through a traditional airline).
Charter, also called air taxi or ad hoc flights require certification from the associated country's national aviation authority. The regulations are differentiated from typical commercial/passenger service by offering a non-scheduled service.

Multiple Choice

TRUE OR FALSE. All commercial non-scheduled operations are charter flights.

TRUE

FALSE

CHARTER FLIGHT

A charter flight is a non-scheduled operation using a chartered aircraft.
Though the terms non-scheduled and charter (i.e. a contractual arrangement between an air carrier and an entity hiring or leasing its aircraft) have come to be used interchangeably, it should be noted that not all commercial non-scheduled operations are charter flights.

CHARTER FLIGHT

Not all commercial non-scheduled operations are charter flights.
While charter flights are a type of non-scheduled operation, some non-scheduled commercial flights are not arranged under a charter agreement.
- Air cargo delivery (not hired by a specific client)
- Medical evacuation (medevac) flights
- Aerial surveys or photography
- Sightseeing flights sold by the seat
- Positioning or ferry flights for airline operations

CARGO

Also known as airfreight carriers, are airlines mainly dedicated to the transport of cargo by air.
Some cargo airlines are divisions or subsidiaries of larger passenger airlines:

TYPES OF AIRLINES (U.S. CLASSIFICATION)

Major airlines - These are the heavyweights of the airline industry. A major airline is defined as an airline that generates more than $1-billion in revenue annually.

TYPES OF AIRLINES (U.S. CLASSIFICATION)

National airlines - these are scheduled airlines with annual operating revenues between $100-million and $1-billion. These airlines might serve certain regions of the country, but may also provide long-distance routes and some international destinations. They operate medium- and large-sized jets.

TYPES OF AIRLINES (U.S. CLASSIFICATION)

Regional airlines these airlines service particular regions of the United States, filling the niche markets that the major and national airlines may overlook.

3 REGIONAL SUBGROUPS

Large regionals These are scheduled carriers with $20-million to $100-million in annual revenue. They operate aircraft that can accommodate more than 60 passengers

Medium regionals

These airlines operate on a smaller scale, with operating revenues of under $20-million, and often use only small aircraft.

Small regionals These airlines don't have a set revenue definition, but are usually referred to as "commuter airlines." They use small aircraft with less than 61 seats.

Multiple Choice

Identify what type of passenger airline is Lion Air

Regional Airline

Mainline Airline

Air Charter

Cargo Airlines

Multiple Choice

Identify what type of passenger airline is Air Swift

Regional Airline

Mainline Airline

Air Charter

Cargo Airline

Multiple Choice

Identify what type of passenger airline is PAL Express

Regional Airline

Mainline Airline

Air Charter

Cargo Airline

Multiple Choice

Identify what type of passenger airline is Air Asia Philippines

Regional Airline

Mainline Airline

Air Charter

Cargo Airline

Multiple Choice

Identify what type of passenger airline is Platinum Skies.

Regional Airline

Mainline Airline

Air Charter

Cargo Airline

Multiple Choice

Identify what type of passenger airline is SkyJet.

Regional Airline

Mainline Airline

Air Charter

Cargo Airline

Multiple Choice

Identify what type of passenger airline is SkyPasada.

Regional Airline

Mainline Airline

Air Charter

Cargo Airline

Multiple Choice

Identify what type of passenger airline is INAEC.

Regional Airline

Mainline Airline

Air Charter

Cargo Airline

Multiple Choice

Identify what type airline is cebgo.

Regional Airline

Mainline Airlines

Air Charter

Cargo Airline

Multiple Choice

Identify what type airline is 2GO,

Regional Airlines

Mainline Airlines.

Air Charter

Cargo Airlines

Multiple Choice

Airports that serve aircrafts with a capacity of at least 100 seats.

Principal Domestic Airport Class 1

Principal Domestic Airport Class 2

Community Airports

Principal Domestic Airport Class 3

Multiple Choice

Airports that serve propeller-driven airplanes with a capacity of at least 19 seats.

Principal Domestic Airport Class 1

Principal Domestic Airport Class 2

Community Airports

Principal Domestic Airport Class 3

Multiple Choice

Airports that are used mostly for general aviation purposes like serving private jets, medical flights, flights training, and agricultural aviation.

Principal Domestic Airport Class 1

Principal Domestic Airport Class 2

Community Airports

Principal Domestic Airport Class 3

Multiple Choice

Airports that are capable of handling international flights or have served international destinations.

Principal Domestic Airport Class 1

Principal Domestic Airport Class 2

Community Airports

International Airports

Multiple Choice