SCI 6 FQ Science Skill and Scientific Processes

SCI 6 FQ Science Skill and Scientific Processes

by Sir Myk

​Basic Science Process Skills:

​Observation –

use of the five senses (sight, hearing, feeling, smelling, tasting)

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Qualitative – observation using only words

​Example: The box is big and heavy.

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​Quantitative – observation using numbers

​Example: The box is 50 kg.

Poll

Most  people likes Macadamia Cookies

• Quantitative Observation

• Qualitative Observation

Poll

The stick is red.

• Quantitative Observation

• Qualitative Observation

Poll

That  book is very thick.

• Quantitative Observation

• Qualitative Observation

Poll

Water boils at a hundred degrees celcius.

• Quantitative Observation

• Qualitative Observation

​Basic Science Process Skills:

​Comparing –

observing the similarities and differences of objects

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Example: Dogs are big while cats are small (differences) but both are mammals (similarities)

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Open Ended

Earth and Jupiter: Compare it similarly and differently.

Open Ended

Reptiles and amphibians: Compare it similarly and differently.

​Basic Science Process Skills:

Classifying -

grouping or ordering objects or events into categories based upon characteristics or defined criteria.

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Open Ended

Classifying Living and Nonliving

​Basic Science Process Skills:

Measuring-

expressing quantity using a unit; used with tools and equipment to find out the length, width, volume, height, or area of things.

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​Example: The blackboard is 3 ½ meters wide.

​Basic Science Process Skills:

Predicting -

making a forecast based on observed events; more accurate if based on present and past events.

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​Example: The clouds look full and dark. It surely will rain.

Open Ended

Look at the picture and write about what you predict will happen next.

Open Ended

Look at the picture and write about what you predict will happen next.

​Basic Science Process Skills:

Inferring -

tentative explanation based on an observation, giving logical meaning to an explanation​

Open Ended

Infer what is  currently happening in the photo.

Open Ended

Infer what is  currently happening in the photo.

​Study the table below

The Science Process Skills

​1.      Formulating Hypotheses - stating the proposed solutions or expected outcomes for experiments.  These proposed solutions to a problem must be testable

2.      Designing Investigations - designing an experiment by identifying materials and describing appropriate steps in a procedure to test a hypothesis

3.      Experimenting - carrying out an experiment by carefully following directions of the procedure so the results can be verified by repeating the procedure several times

4.      Acquiring Data - collecting qualitative and quantitative data as observations and measurements

The Science Process Skills

5.      Organizing Data in Tables and Graphs - making data tables and graphs for collected data

6.      Analyzing Investigations and their Data - interpreting data, identifying errors, evaluating the hypothesis, formulating conclusions, and recommending further testing where necessary

7.      Understanding Cause and Effect Relationships - what caused something to happen and why it happened

8.      Formulating Models - recognizing patterns in data and making comparisons to familiar objects or ideas.

The Science Process Skills

9.      Identifying of Variables - stating the changeable factors that can affect an experiment

10.      Defining Variables Operationally - explaining how to measure a variable in an experiment

11.      Describing Relationships Between Variables - explain relationships between variables in an experiment such as between the independent and dependent variables

​Scientific Method

Science comes to life through hands on experiments and investigations.

Scientific method is the steps scientists follow to conduct an experiment

The Scientific Method

Step 1: Ask a Testable Question

                   Formulating questions that can be tested.

                   examples

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1. Which color of rose smells the best?

2. Which color of rose attracts the most bees?

3. Are fourth grade girls taller than fifth grade boys?

4. Does running in place for 30 seconds increase heart rate?

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​Which of these seed colors: orange and white will attract more birds?

The Scientific Method

Step 2: Form a Hypothesis

                   Proposed explanation to the Testable Question

                   Hypothesis should be written in a cause and effect statement

                   If I _____________________, then I _______________.

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1. If I put a plant inside a room without sunlight, then I hypothesize that the plant will become unhealthy.

2. If I put 4 different colored roses in the yard, then  I hypothesize that most bees will go to the red ones.

The Scientific Method

Step 1: Which of these seed colors: orange and white will attract more birds?

​Step2: If I place an equal amount of orange and yellow seed in the bird feeder outside a pigeon farm, then I hypothesize that the seed feeder with orange seed will have will have a lesser quantity.

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The Scientific Method

Step 3: Plan Experiment

                   The most important step to allow other people to repeat your experiment.

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The plan must include a:

1.   detailed list of materials

2.   detailed list of steps, or procedure, you will follow

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The Scientific Method

Step 1: Which of these seed colors: orange and white will attract more birds?

​Step2: If I place an equal amount of orange and yellow seed in the bird feeder outside a pigeon farm, then I hypothesize that the seed feeder with orange seed will have will have a lesser quantity.

​Step 3:

Materials:

·        200 grams of yellow and orange seed

·        2 white color seed feeders with the same shape and size

·        20 pigeons of the same kind.

The Scientific Method

Procedure:

1.      Place both 200 grams seeds of different colors in the seed feeders.

2.      Put both seed feeders outside the farm at 7:00 am.

3.      Separate both feeders 2 meters apart.

4.      Measure the weight of both seed feeders exactly 8:15 a.m.

5.      Record your data

6.      Repeat steps 1 to 5 for 5 days.

The Scientific Method

Step 4: Identifying variables

A variable is an object, event, idea, feeling, time period, or any other type of category you are typing to measure.

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​A variable can be independent, dependent and controlled

The Scientific Method

Step 4: Identifying variables

What’s an independent variable?

​It is a variable that stands alone and is not changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.

Example: Age. (Other factors such as what they eat, how much they go to school, how often they watch TV, aren’t going to change a person’s age.)

The Scientific Method

Step 4: Identifying variables

What is a dependent variable?

​It is something that depends on other factors.

Example: A test score could be a dependent variable because it could change depending on several factors such as how much you studied, how much sleep you got the night before you took the test, or even how hungry you were when you took it.

The Scientific Method

Step 4: Identifying variables

What is a controlled variable?

A control variable is anything that is held constant or limited in a research study. It's a variable that is not of interest to the study's aims, but is controlled because it could influence the outcomes.

The Scientific Method

Step 4: Identifying variables

Remember this:

(Independent variable) causes a change in (dependent variable) and it is not possible that (dependent variable) could cause a change in (independent variable).

The Scientific Method

Example problem 1: Which brand of detergent (Brand A or Brand B) is more effective in removing stains?

​Experiment: Soak two equally stained white shirts in two separate pails of lukewarm water each mixed with different detergent brand for 3 hours.

The Scientific Method

Example problem 2: Will the amount of time in studying affect my scores in the exams?

​Experiment: You study for 1 ½ hours using the handouts given, notes, and book pages for a Science test.

The Scientific Method

Step 5: Conduct Experiment and Record Data

It is important to organize the data so that it is easy to analyze.  Data charts are used to help organize our work.

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The Scientific Method

Step 4:

The Scientific Method

Step 6: Analyze Data and Draw Conclusions

I therefore conclude, that orange seed attracted more pigeons than the yellow seeds.

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The Scientific Method

Step 7: Communicate Results

Communicating our results through graphs to other people.