Chapter 14.2 - Social Crises, War, and Revolution

Chapter 14.2 - Social Crises, War, and Revolution

by Jonathan Day

​CRISIS IN EUROPE

• ​1560-1650: Europe went through an economic and social crisis

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• ​One major economic problem was INFLATION, rising prices

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• ​An increase in population during the 16th century increased the demand for land and food and drove up the prices for both

​Economic and Social Crisis

​- 1600: Economic shutdown had begun in parts of Europe

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​- Spain: dependent on imported silver was failing by the 1460s (the mines were producing less silver)

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​-Italy: Financial center in the Renaissance was declining economically

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​-Population figures in the 16th and 17th centuries reveal Europe's worsening conditions

​The Witchcraft Trials

​- A belief in witchcraft, or magic, had been part of tradition village culture for centuries

​- 16th - 17th centuries an intense hysteria affected the lives of many Europeans

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​- More than 100,000 people were charged with witchcraft

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​- 75% were women over 50 years old

​The Witchcraft Trials cont.

​- Under intense torture, accused witches usually confessed to a number of practices

​- Sworn allegiance to the devil

​- Attended sabbots, nightly gatherings where they feasted and danced

​- Casting spells (EXPELIAMOS)

​- 1650 - the witchcraft hysteria declined because there was gov'ts grew stronger, many officials didn't want to disrupt society to have witch trails

​- Attitudes were changing, people began to believe that it was unreasonable for them to believe that the world was haunted by evil spirits​

Multiple Choice

These trials were taken place to try to stop witchcraft happening throughout Europe.

• Witchcraft Trials

• Wizardcraft Trials

• World of War Craft Trials

• Hogwart Trials

The Thirty Years' War: Causes of the War

​- Started over religious conflicts

​- Political and territorial motives were also evident

​- 1618: Holy Roman Empire - war first involved struggle between Catholic forces, led by the Hapsburg Holy Roman emperors, and Protestant nobles in Bohemia

​- Denmark, Sweden, France, and Spain entered the war, the conflict became more political

​- Most important was the struggle between France and Spain and the Holy Roman Empire for European leadership

​Effects of the War

​All major European powers except Endland became involved in the thirty years war

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​For thirty years Germany was plundered and destroyed

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​The Peace of Westphalia officially ended the war in Germany in 1648

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- Broke Germany into multiple states and providences​

​The Peace of Westphalia

​ - Divided more than three hundred states of the Holy Roman Empire into independent states (countries)

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​- Gave them power to determine their own religion and to conduct their own foreign policy

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​- This brought an end to the Holy Roman Empire as a political entity

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​- Germany would not be united for another two hundred years

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• Europe collectively put down Austria who was trying to unite all Catholic countries under one banner​

Open Ended

What started the Thirty Years' War?

Multiple Choice

Which peace treaty ended the Thirty Years' War and signalled the end of Austria's dream of uniting all Catholic countries?

• Peace of Westphalia

• Peace of Augsburg

• Peace of Westminster

• Peace of Eastphalia

Revolutions in England

​- The civil war in England is known as the English Revolution

​- It began as a struggle between the king and Parliament to determine what role each should play in governing England

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​- After Queen Elizabeth died in 1603, the Tudor dynasty came to an end

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​- The Stuart line of rulers began when Elizabeth's cousin, the king of Scotland, became James I of England

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​- James believed in the divine right of kings (that kings receive their power from God and are responsible only to God)

​Revolutions in England

​- Parliament, on the other hand, believed that the king or queen and Parliament ruled England together

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​- Religion was also an issue. The Puritans (Protestants in England inspired by Calvinist ideas) did not like the king's strong defense of the Church of England - LEFT AND SETTLED NORTH AMERICA region (Massachusetts Bay Colony)

​- The conflict began during the reign of James

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​-Parliament passed a petition that prohibited the passing of any taxes without Parliament's consent

​The Petition by Parliament

-​The petition put limits on the king's power

​- Charles also tried to impose more ritual on the Church of England

​-To the Puritans, this was a return to Catholic practices

• When Charles tried to force them to accept his religious policies, thousands of Puritans went to America

• This is an example of how religious struggles in England influenced American history

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​Civil War and Commonweath

-​In 1642, a civil war began between the supporter of the King called Cavaliers or Royalists

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​- Parliamentary forces called Roundheads (short hair)

​ - Won mainly due to New Model Army of Oliver Cromwell

​- Cromwell purged Parliament of any members who had not supported him. Rump parliament - the parliament members that remained

​- The Rump Parliament had Charles I executed no Jan. 30, 1649

​Beginnings of Commonwealth

​- Parliament then abolished the monarchy and the House of Lords and declared England a republic, or commonwealth.

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​- Cromwell forcibly dispersed the Rump Parliament and set up a military dictatorship

​- Cromwell ruled from 1653 until he died in 1658

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​-1660 Parliament made Charles II king (died 1685 (Charles I son)

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​-Parliament passed laws that made the Church of England the state religion again

Multiple Choice

This man defeated the Royals and began the unpronounced dictator of England and purged most of the royalist ideals until he died.

• Charles II

• Charles I

• Cromwell

• James