In the late 1800s, how did sharecropping affect African Americans in the South?

• The system only rented farms to white farmers

• The system often created a cycle of chronic debt

• The system reduced costs by sharing equipment

• The system limited cotton production and increased prices

Which Supreme Court decision in the late 1800s established the legal basis for Jim Crow laws?

• Brown v. Board of Education

• Gideon v. Wainwright

• Plessy v. Ferguson

• Northern Securities v. United States

What was a consequence of the Dred Scott v. Sandford decision in 1857?

• Missouri could not be admitted to the Union as a slave state

• African Americans could not be returned to slavery after living in a free state

• African Americans were not citizens of the United States

• States had the right to peacefully secede from the Union

In the late 1800s, how did agricultural surpluses create challenges for farmers?

• by raising the cost of farm machinery

• by lowering prices for wheat on the world market

• by lowering the cost to transport the crops to eastern cities

• by increasing world demand beyond the production capacity of farmers

What was a result of the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887?

• it lowered shipping costs for most large businesses

• it deregulated railroads allowing competition to set prices

• it lowered shipping costs for many farmers

• it funded construction of the transcontinental railroad

What was the Grange?

• the territory opened for settlement by the Homestead Act

• an African American cavalry who fought in the Indian Wars

• a national organization dedicated to improving conditions for farmers

• a company whose primary business is owning stock in other companies

How did the Bessemer process affect the United States?

• it made light bulbs last longer promoting the spread of electricity

• it allowed John D. Rockefeller to monopolize oil production

• it enabled Andrew Carnegie's steel mills to become more efficient

• it helped screen for immigrants with diseases at Ellis Island

What supported the rise of political machines in American cities?

• political bosses provided services and jobs to immigrants

• the growing popularity of muckrakers supported political machines

• the efficient management of city governments reduced taxes

• the migration of European immigrants to the Great Plains increased

What was nativism in America in the late 1800s?

• movement to improve conditions for Native Americans living on reservation

• resistance toward giving suffrage to women

• support for increased segregation of African Americans

• hostility mostly toward Asian, Jewish, and eastern European immigrants

How is yellow fever related to the Panama Canal?

• yellow fever threatened to raise the cost of the Panama Canal beyond what Congress would support

• the Panama Canal was needed to ship medical supplies to combat yellow fever in California

• yellow fever was used by the US to force Columbia to turn over territory needed to build the canal

• workers from the Panama Canal project spread yellow fever to the east coast, causing the death of over 400,000 Americans