Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Unit 2 Review

Poll

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a prokaryote?

• Algae

• Protozoa

• Fungi

• Bacteria

Multiple Choice

The most obvious organelle in a Eukaryotic cell is the

• Mitochondria

• Nucleus

• Ribosomes

• Golgi body

Multiple Choice

Which of the following packages macromolecules for transport?

• Endoplasmic reticulum

• Golgi body

• Mitochondria

• Nucleus

Multiple Choice

If organized and firmly attached to the cell wall, the glycocalyx is called

• Capsule

• Slime layer

• Fimbriae

• Membrane

​Slime Layer

• term used when the glycocalyx is unorganized and loosely attached to the cell wall

​The flagella may be:

• ​Peritrichous - distributed over the entire cell

​

• ​Polar

  • ​Monotrichous - single flagella at one pole

  • ​Lophotrichous - a tuft of flagella at one pole

  • ​Amphitrichous - flagella at both poles of the cell

• ​*Atrichous - bacteria with no flagella​

Multiple Choice

Which of the following has spherical shape?

• Bacillus

• Spiral

• Coccus

• Atrichous

Multiple Choice

Rod shaped bacteria that remain in pairs after division

• Streptococci

• Diplobacilli

• Spirochetes

• Streptobacilli

Multiple Choice

Tiny channels that allow the nucleus to communicate with the cytoplasm.

• Nuclear envelope

• Nuclear pore

• Aquaporins

• Ribosomes

Multiple Choice

The following are parts of the flagellum, except:

• Basal body

• Filament

• Wall

• Hook

​Taxis

• ​movement of a bacterium toward or away from a stimulus

​

• ​stimulus may be:

​ - chemicals (chemotaxis)

​ - light (phototaxis)

​

• when signal is positive, it moves toward the stimulus, when signal is negative, it moves away from the stimulus

​Cell Walls of Prokaryotes

• ​Gram positive - thick peptidoglycan and teichoic acids

​

• ​Gram negative - thin peptidoglycan and outer membrane

  • ​Outer membrane consists of:

    • Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) - lipid A, core polysaccharide, O polysaccharide

    • ​Lipoproteins

    • ​Phospholipids

​

​

Multiple Choice

The site of protein synthesis is called

• Nucleoid

• Plasma membrane

• Ribosomes

• Cell Wall

​Ribosomes

• ​Prokaryotes (70S)

  • 50S subunit - 2 molecules of rRNA

  • 30S subunit - 1 molecule of rRNA​

• Eukaryotes (80)

  • ​larger and denser

  • ​consists of:

    • ​60S subunit - 3 molecules of rRNA

    • ​40S subunit - 1 molecule of rRNA

Multiple Choice

All of the following interferes with bacterial protein synthesis except

• Penicillin

• Gentamicin

• Streptomycin

• Erythromycin

Multiple Choice

The target of action of alcohol and polymyxins 

• Cell wall

• Plasma membrane

• Ribosomes

• Nucleoid

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is involved in twitching motility and DNA transfer?

• Pili

• Fimbriae

• Flagella

• Axial Filament

​Pili

• ​longer than fimbria, usually only one or two per cell

​

• ​conjugation pili - called F+ cell, binds to the receptors on the surface of another bacterium for DNA transfer

Multiple Choice

Reserve deposits within the cytoplasm that contains glycogen.

• Carboxyzomes

• Gas vacuoles

• Polysaccharide inclusions

• Metachromatic granules

Multiple Choice

The movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration of water molecules to an area of low concentration of water molecules.

• Simple diffusion

• Facilitated diffusion

• Active transport

• Osmosis

Osmosis​

• ​water pass through the membrane thru simple diffusion and aquaporins

​

• osmotic pressure - the pressure required to stop the flow of water across a semipermeable membrane

• ​3 kinds of osmotic solutions:

  • ​isotonic solution

  • ​Hypotonic solution

  • ​Hypertonic solution

Multiple Choice

Resting structures that allow for survival under harsh environment conditions.

• Cytoplasm

• Nucleoid

• Endospores

• Ribosomes

Multiple Choice

It is an organized network of three primary protein filaments.

• Cytoskeleton

• Centrosome

• Centriole

• Cell wall

​The Cytoskeleton is composed of

• microtubules - cylinder

​

• microfilaments (actin filaments) - small rods

​

• intermediate fibers​ - small rods

​

• function: ​provides support, shape, and assistance in transporting substances through the cell

• ​cytoplasmic streaming - movement of cytoplasm from one part of the cell to another to distribute nutrients; absent in prokaryotes

Multiple Choice

These are membrane enclosed cavities for storing nutrients and maintaining turgor pressure within plant cells.

• Lysosome

• Peroxisome

• Carboxysome

• Vacuole

Multiple Choice

Which of the following protects the cell from its own production of toxic hydrogen peroxide?

• Vacuole

• Lysosome

• Peroxisome

• Chloroplast

​Cell Walls of Eukaryotes

• ​Algae - contains cellulose

• ​Some fungi - contains chitin (main structural component of the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects); also contains cellulose

• ​Yeasts - contain polysaccharides - glucan and mannan

• ​Protozoa do not have typical cell wall but have a flexible outer protein - pellicle

• ​Other eukaryotic cells may also be covered by a glycocalyx

  • ​glycoproteins - carbohydrates + proteins

  • glycolipids - carbohydrates + lipids

Multiple Choice

The inner folds within the mitochondria that contributes to an increase in surface area is called

• Grana

• Cristae

• Thylakoid

• Chloroplast

Multiple Choice

Which of the following allows movement of spirochetes?

• Fimbriae

• Pili

• Flagella

• Axial Filament

Multiple Choice

The mechanism where a segment of the plasma membrane surrounds a particle or large molecule, encloses it, and brings it into the cell.

• Diffusion

• Active transport

• Osmosis

• Endocytosis

​3 Types of Endocytosis

• ​Phagocytosis - cellular projections called psuedopods engulf particles and bring them into the cell; used by WBC to destroy bacteria and foreign substances

​

• Pinocytosis - plasma membrane folds inward, bringing extracellular fluid into the cell

​

• ​Receptor-mediated endocytosis - substances (ligands) bind to receptors in the membrane; one way by which viruses enter