Pedagogy

Pedagogy

​Dan Perkin and Will Perry

​Learning Outcomes

• ​Critically review what you have learnt from the pre seminar task.

• Develop a broad understanding of the term 'pedagogy'.

• ​Critically discuss what pedagogy means to the practitioner.

• ​Develop a greater understanding of the different approaches to pedagogy and how they are used within the classroom.

• ​Critically evaluate your personal approach to pedagogy.

• ​Be able to apply different pedagogical approaches into a practical setting.

​Pre-seminar task

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Article Points

• Often teachers fall or are pushed, into ‘schooling’ – trying to drill learning into people according to some plan often drawn up by others.

• Education is a deliberate process of drawing out learning (educere), of encouraging and giving time to discovery.

• It is concerned not just with ‘knowing about’ things, but also with changing ourselves and the world we live in.​

Subject | Subject

Open Ended

What is pedagogy?

​Overview of Pedagogy

• Pedagogy has been defined as ‘any conscious activity by one person designed to enhance learning in another’ (Watkins, Mortimore, 1999, p.1-19).​

• In simpler terms pedagogy is how teaching can take different approaches which in turn effects the learners.​

• There are a few different approaches to pedagogy; constructivism, social constructivism, behaviourism and liberationism.​

• Each different approach can be beneficial within different circumstances and there is no one correct pedagogical approach.

Open Ended

What does pedagogy mean to the P.E practitioners practice?

What does pedagogy mean to the P.E practitioners practice?​

• ​In a article by Mark Smith in 2012, he stated many people confuse education with schooling. He continues by saying the way some teachers work isn't necessarily education in the modern sense.​

• A quote that stood out for me is 'to educate is, in short, to set out to create and sustain informed, hopeful and respectful environments where learning can flourish' (Smith, 2012).​

• Does the curriculum hinder the application of education compared to the possibly easier method of schooling?​

​What does pedagogy mean to the P.E practitioners practice?

• “An approach to teaching that includes multiple methods of teaching and assessment in an effort to better include all students in the course” (Doran, 2021)​.

• '​​For me, in practice, culturally relevant pedagogy means assigning texts by diverse authors, especially authors whose backgrounds are similar to the demographics in my classroom. It means organizing units around themes or problems that students are likely to find interesting or easy to relate to' (Doran, 2021)​.

Multiple Choice

What is an approach to pedagogy?

• Behaviourism

• Constructivism

• Liberationism

• All of the above

Multiple Choice

There is always a correct pedagogical approach to use

• True

• False

Pedagogical Approaches

​Constuctivism

• ​Constructivism is defined as ‘an approach to learning that holds that people actively construct or make their own knowledge and that reality is determined by the experiences of the learner’ (Elliott et al., 2000, p. 256).

• Social constructivism was developed by a man called Lev Vygotsky in 1978, he also thought of the concept of 'zone of proximal development (ZPD)'.

• 'Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level and, later on, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to the formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals' (Vygotsky, 1978)​.

• 'Students learn by fitting new information together with what they already know. Constructivists believe that learning is affected by the context in which an idea is taught as well as by students' beliefs and attitudes' (Olusegun, 2015).

​Behaviourism

• According to Duchesne et al (2014), behaviorism is a theory that “views learning as a ‘cause and effect’ mechanism, in which external factors lead to a response, and over time, this response becomes a learnt behaviour”.

• Blaise (2011) believes that the core feature of behaviorism is that “learning is conditioned by external events or factors.”

• Behaviourism was popular in the early 20th Century but is now less respected than other theories (Drew, 2019).

• The theory of Behaviorism was first established in 1913 by John B. Watson in his paper 'Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It'.

• B.F Skinner then developed the concept in 1937 and introduced ‘operant conditioning’ which is a method of learning that employs rewards and punishment for behaviour.

​Liberationism

• ​Liberationism began with Brazillian teacher and philosopher, Paulo Freire, within his book, 'The Pedagogy of the Oppressed' (1968).

• This pedagogical approach focusses on putting the student at the centre of the classroom.

  It helps the learner take control of their learning by allowing them to have more say in what they learn and how they learn it.

  Greenwood (2020) believes that liberationism is often adopted by teachers that think the traditional classroom is not working for them or their students.

  Liberationism is designed to level the playing field by making learning both accessible and tailored to all students. It accommodates for each type of learner, whether they are visual learners, auditory learners, kinaesthetic learners or for those who learn best from reading.

Multiple Choice

What was the dicussed difference between Piaget and Vygostkys' thoughts on knowledge?

• They agreed on everything

• Vygotsky developed social constuctionisivm before Piaget

• Piaget focussed on environment stimuli whereas Vygotsky focussed on language and culture.

• Piaget's theory was the only correct theory

Multiple Choice

Who first established the theory of Behaviourism?

• Jane Bellamy

• John B. Watson

• Vygotsky

• B. F. Skinner

Multiple Choice

What does liberationism focus on?

• Giving the learner complete control over the practitioner

• Putting the student at the centre of their learning

• Allowing the students to do whatever they want

• Giving the practitioner complete control

​Example:

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​You are leading a year 7 P.E session for the first time.

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​What approach or approaches to pedagogy would you aim to implement and why?

​Practical

Open Ended

What have you learnt from todays session?

​References

• ​​Blaise, M. (2011) 'Teachers theory making', Learning to teach: New times, new practices. 2(1), pp.105-157. South Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

• ​Duchesne, S., McMaugh, A., Bochner, S., and Krause, K. L. (2013) Educational psychology: For learning and teaching. 4th ed. South Melbourne, VIC: Cengage Learning.

• ​Greenwood, B. (2020) 'What is Liberationist Pedagogy and How Can You Apply it in the Classroom?', satchel, 26 February. Available at: https://blog.teamsatchel.com/what-is-liberationist-pedagogy-and-how-can-you-apply-it (Accessed: 5 January 2022).

• ​Smith, M. K. (2012, 2021). ‘What is pedagogy?’, The encyclopedia of pedagogy and informal education. [https://infed.org/mobi/what-is-pedagogy/. 04/01/22].

• ​Doran, E. E. (2021). What does culturally relevant pedagogymean in the community college context?.New Directions for Community Colleges,2021,81–90.https://doi.org/10.1002/cc.20468.