Unit 1 Parallel Processing & CPU Performance

Lecturer: Jerry J. Bent

DATA PROCESSING & CPU PERFORMANCE

Unit 1: Information Technology Systems

• Computer Hardware (Internal and External components)

• Motherboard (Northbridge & Southbridge)

• Servers and Mobile devices

• Binary conversions 

• BCD & Hexadecimals

• CPU

• RAM

• GPU

• Storage systems

• Factors Affecting  Choice of Hardware

• Understanding Software

• Types & Role of Operating Systems

​

Topics covered so far:

• Performance of Operating Systems  & Utility Software

• Purpose, features & uses of application software

• Data Across Multiple Systems

Unit 2: Creating Systems to Manage Information

Unit 3: Using Social Media in Business.

Unit 5: Data Modelling

Unit 11: Cyber Security and Incident Management

​

Link to other units

At the end of this lesson , learners will understand the following:

1. What Parallel Processing is

2. How parallel processing works

3. What Pipelining is and how it works

4. What is Multi-Processing

5. What is Multi-Threading

6. CPU Performance Factors

Learning objectives

To fully understand today's lesson, you must have previous knowledge of the following lessons:

​

• Understanding Software

• ​Functions of the CPU

• Types & Role of Operating Systems

• Performance of Operating Systems & Utility Software

• The use of computer systems for data processing

• Executing Instructions

Prior Knowledge Evaluation - 5mins

Multiple Select

Select 3 operating systems from the list below

• Apple iOS

• Windows 10

• Microsoft Word

• Linux

Multiple Choice

What Computer Architecture model is shown in the diagram?

• Harvard Architecture

• Von Neumann Architecture

• Cluster Computing

• Grid Computing

Multiple Choice

What Computer Architecture model is shown in the diagram?

• Harvard Architecture

• UMA Architecture

• Cluster Computing

• Grid Computing

Multiple Select

An instruction cycle in a CPU consists of what 3 main functions?

• Fetch

• Process

• Decode

• Execute

Poll

What part of the CPU can store data?

• RAM

• Hard Drive

• Cache

• PSU

​Label the numbered parts of the motherboard

We will now be covering the following:

1. What Parallel Processing is

2. How parallel processing works

3. What Pipelining is and how it works

4. What is Multi-Processing ?

5. What is Multi-Threading ?

6. CPU Performance Factors​

Remember our Learning objectives

Let's start with the first objective

1. What is Parallel Processing ?

What is Parallel?

What is a process for a CPU?

This is where more than one instruction is processed simultaneously.

Parallel Processing - LO1

Parallel Processing in Computing

But wait! who is a data scientist?

​Source: https://www.oracle.com/in/data-science/what-is-data-science/

​Data Scientist

Data science involves preparing data for analysis, including cleaning, aggregating, and manipulating the data to perform advanced data analysis and this can enable business leaders to make informed decisions.

​Who can have a

career in IT? ​

Lyndsey Scott 

(Model & Programmer)

Dr. Philip Emeagwali 

(Inventor of the World's Fastest Computer)

Tanmay Bakshi

(17yr World’s youngest IBM A.I developer)

Evan Spiegel

(Co-Founder Snap Chat)

Farida Bedwei 

(Software engineer Programmer living with cerebral palsy)

Melanie Perkins

( Co-founded Canva ​)

Lesson Progress

1. What Parallel Processing is

2. How parallel processing works

3. What Pipelining is and how it works

4. What is Multi-Processing

5. What is Multi-Threading

6. CPU Performance Factors

7. Principle of the Fetch-Execute Cycle​

Remember our Learning objectives

Now for our second objective

1. What is Parallel Processing ?

2. ​How parallel processing works

How parallel processing works - LO2

Poll

Who divides a complex task into multiple parts with a software tool and assigns each part to a processor

• Software engineer

• Programmer

• Computer Scientist

Fill in the Blanks

Each _______ (processor, scientist) will operate normally and will perform operations in parallel as instructed, pulling data from the computer’s _______

(Data, memory)

Lesson Progress

1. What Parallel Processing is

2. How parallel processing works

3. What Pipelining is and how it works

4. What is Multi-Processing

5. What is Multi-Threading

6. CPU Performance Factors

7. Principles of the Fetch-Execute Cycle​

Remember our Learning objectives

Now for our third objective

1. What is Parallel Processing ?

2. ​How parallel processing works

3. What pipelining is and how it works​

What pipelining is - LO3

Using different parts of the CPU to perform different stages of multiple instructions simultaneously

How pipelining works - LO3

Let us use a car assembly process to understand this concept

Engine Installation

Tire Installation

Body Installation

Completed Car

=

+

+

• This is a single process to complete one car

• It takes 24hrs for the team to assemble one car ​

• Consider this as a none pipelined process

​

How pipelining works - LO3

What if we had 3 teams working on one car each. Team B starts when Team A is at the tire installation stage. Team C starts when team B is also at the tire installation stage.

3 Teams = 3 cars assembled in 24hrs

=

+

+

• This is a multiple process to complete several cars

• This can be considered as a pipelined process

• Each assembly line is a pipeline​

​

=

+

+

=

+

+

A

B

C

Open Ended

So if it takes the pipelining teams 24hrs to assemble 3 cars, how many cars can they assemble in 72hrs? Type your answer.

How pipelining works in processors - LO3

• Pipelining is a technique used in advanced microprocessors where processors begin executing a second instruction before the first has been completed. That is, several instructions are in the pipeline simultaneously, each at a different processing stage.

Lesson Progress

1. What Parallel Processing is

2. How parallel processing works

3. What Pipelining is and how it works

4. What is Multi-Processing?

5. What is Multi-Threading?

6. CPU Performance Factors

7. Principle of the Fetch-Execute Cycle​

Remember our Learning objectives

Now for our fourth objective

1. What is Parallel Processing ?

2. ​How parallel processing works

3. What pipelining is and how it works

4. What is Multi-Processing ?​

What is Multiprocessing - LO4

Using multi-core CPUs that can independently process instructions.

​How did we get

6 billion​ cycles

per second?​

6 bi​

Recall binary conversions from lesson 4

Easy tip to remember byte values - KMGTP

When you start from one Kilobyte  keep adding 3 zeros to get to the next unit

Byte unit table from lesson 4

1 bit = 1  |  4 bits = 1 Nibble  | 8 bits = 1 byte  | 1 kilobyte = 1000 bytes

Calculating CPU Processing Cycles - Example 1

Q1. Calculate the number of cycles a 3GHz dual core processor can complete per sec.

​Solution:

First convert the processor speed to hertz

1GHz = 1,000,000,000​

A single 3GHz processor core will complete = 3 x  1,000,000,000 =  3,000,000,000 cycles per second​

A 3GHz dual core processor is double in size so will do twice as much. Therefore,​

If a single core will complete  3,000,000,000 cycles per second,

A dual core 3GHz processor will be =  3,000,000,000  x 2 =  6,000,000,000

Calculating CPU Processing Cycles - Example 2

What is the speed of a dual core CPU that can complete 5 billion cycles per second

​Solution:

First convert the processor speed to hertz. 1GHz = 1,000,000,000 hertz​

•A single 5GHz processor core will complete = 5 x  1,000,000,000 =  5,000,000,000 cycles per second

•Since it is a dual core processor, it means that it runs twice the number of cycle of a single core.

•Calculate the number of cycles a single core can complete dividing by 2

    5,000,000,000 / 2 = 2,500,000,000  cycles per core

•Divide =  2,500,000,000  x 1,000,000,000 =  2.5GHZ Dual core CPU

Lesson Progress

1. What Parallel Processing is

2. How parallel processing works

3. What Pipelining is and how it works

4. What is Multi-Processing?

5. What is Multi-Threading?

6. CPU Performance Factors

7. Principles of the Fetch-Execute Cycle​

Remember our Learning objectives

Now for our fifth objective

1. What is Parallel Processing ?

2. ​How parallel processing works

3. What pipelining is and how it works

4. What is Multi-Processing ?

5. What is Multi-Threading?​

Recall Lesson 6

Central Processing Unit.

When we covered Hyper threading​

What is Multi-threading? - LO5

​

Do you know​...

In the UK, the average lifespan of an electronic device is two years. It is often easier to buy a new device and discard the old one than to maintain or upgrade an old device. If the item isn't recycled or resold, it will end up in a landfill site.​

What are the implications of this?

Reality Check - Sustainability

Multi-threading in summary - LO5

Turns a single core into two virtual cores.

Lesson Progress

1. What Parallel Processing is

2. How parallel processing works

3. What Pipelining is and how it works

4. What is Multi-Processing?

5. What is Multi-Threading?

6. CPU Performance Factors

7. Principles of the Fetch-Execute -Cycle

Remember our Learning objectives

Now for our sixth objective

1. What is Parallel Processing ?

2. ​How parallel processing works

3. What pipelining is and how it works

4. What is Multi-Processing ?

5. What is Multi-Threading?

6. CPU performance factors​

CPU performance factors - LO6 - Independent Learning 1

Instructions: Time Duration-15mins

• In the next slide you will be presented with a web page​ from gizmofusion.com.

• ​You are expected to read the blog titled 'Factors That Affect CPU Performance'

• Take down notes on the 10 factors ​discussed on this website. You do not need to read the 'Frequently Asked Questions' section at the bottom of the page.

• You will be asked a series of questions after you complete this activity.​

10 Factors That Affect CPU Performance - GizmoFusion

You can open this webpage in a new tab.

Copy link

Open in new tab

Open Ended

Briefly discuss the three main factors the author said affects CPU performance.

Open Ended

According to the author, It is not ideal to let your CPU operate at a maximum temperature as this would greatly affect its performance. What did he say would be the worse-case scenario for the CPU?

Fill in the Blanks

FILL IN THE BLANK USING ANY OF THE OPTIONS IN THE BRACKETS BELOW

According to the article, an instruction set, also called ISA means “Instruction Set

(Application, Allocation, Architecture)

Lesson Progress

1. What Parallel Processing is

2. How parallel processing works

3. What Pipelining is and how it works

4. What is Multi-Processing?

5. What is Multi-Threading?

6. CPU Performance Factors

7. Principle of the Fetch-Execute Cycle

Remember our Learning objectives

Now for our final objective

1. What is Parallel Processing ?

2. ​How parallel processing works

3. What pipelining is and how it works

4. What is Multi-Processing ?

5. What is Multi-Threading?

6. CPU performance factors

7. Principles of the Fetch-Execute Cycle​

Principles of the Fetch-Execute-Cycle: LO7 - Independent Learning 2

Instructions: Time Duration-15mins

• In the next slide you will be presented with a web page​ from bbc.co.uk.

• ​You are expected to watch the video titled 'The Principles of the Fetch Execute Cycle'

• Take down notes

• You will be asked a series of questions after you complete this activity.​

Home

Open in new tab

Copy link

Multiple Choice

What was the video you watched about?

• Hardware and software

• Fetch Cycle

• Fetch Decode Cycle

• Fetch Execute Cycle

Multiple Choice

What does PC mean in the CPU?

• Personal Computer

• Program Counter

• Programmable computer

Multiple Choice

What part of the CPU holds values and instructions to be used by the CPU?

• Memory Data Register (MDR)

• Program Counter

• Control Unit

Poll

What is considered the centre of operations in a CPU?

• Aritmetic and Logic Unit

• Control Unit

• Program Counter

Multiple Choice

The part of the CPU that carries out arithmetic and logic calculations is called the ...

• Mathematical Unit

• Logic Unit

• Arithmetic Logic Unit

Lesson Progress

1. What Parallel Processing is

2. How parallel processing works

3. What Pipelining is and how it works

4. What is Multi-Processing?

5. What is Multi-Threading?

6. CPU Performance Factors

7. Principle of the Fetch-Execute Cycle

We have now completed our Learning objectives

Complete this activity as a powerpoint document

Class Activity - Submit via microsoft teams - 20 mins

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