Review for Major: Biology

Review for Major: Biology

By Joshua Gariando

READY?

Multilple choice questions will be presented which you will answer in 1 minute each.

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And then we'll discuss the answer.​

Multiple Choice

Which branch of Biology studies the characteristic structure and functions of all kinds of cells?

• Cytology

• Morphology

• Physiology

• Histology

​Branches of Biology

Zoology - animals

Botany - plants

Cytology - cells

Histology - tissues

Anatomy - structures

Physiology - functions, etc.​

Multiple Choice

Which of the following organs is controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

• Heart

• Muscles

• Bones

• All of the above

Types of Nervous System

• Autonomic Nervous System - is responsible for the movements under conscious or voluntary control (chewing, walking, staying up-right).

• So​matic Nervous System - is responsible for involuntary movements of smooth muscles (kidney, intestines, stomach) and cardiac muscles (the heart).

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Multiple Choice

How are mitochondria and chloroplasts similar to bacteria?

• They are larger than normal cells.

• They are bounded by a single membrane.

• They lack ribosomes.

• They have a limited amount of genetic material.

​Endosymbiotic Theory

believes that both the mitochondria and the chloroplast were previously bacterial species that lived endosymbiotically with ancient eukaryotic cells.

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​That is how these two organelles have their own genetic material and are able to reproduce inside the cells.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not a type of cell?

• Bacterium

• Amoeba

• Sperm

• Virus

VIRUSES

Are NOT considered as cells. Why?

• they don't have a nucleus.

• they don't have plasma membrane and other organelles necessary for life (ribosomes, mitochondria, etc.).

• they cannot reproduce without infecting a cell.​

Multiple Choice

Which is the energy storage compound used to do all forms of work inside the cell?

• Electron

• Adenine

• Nicotinamide

• Adenosine triphosphate

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

• ATP is the energy currency of the cell.

• ​It has a similar structure to nucleotides (the building blocks of DNA and RNA) but it contains three (3) phosphate groups whose removal releases energy that is used by the cell. ​

Multiple Choice

If meiosis reduces the chromosomes by half. What process brings it back to a diploid state?

• Menstruation

• Fertilization

• Ejaculation

• Mitosis

Mitosis vs Meiosis

• Mitosis divides the cell into two but the amount of chromosomes is still the same, still diploid somatic cells.

• Meiosis divides the cell into two but halves the chromosome number into haploid sex cells.

• Fertilization unites two haploid sex cells into a zygote and brings it back to being diploid. ​

• Diploid = 2n, haploid = 1n​

​

Multiple Choice

What kind of tissue lines our skin and what is its important function?

• Nerve tissue; for reflexes

• Epithelial; protection from UV radiation

• Muscle tissue; for movement

• Connective tissue; for nutrient delivery

TYPES OF TISSUES

• Epithelial - for protection, secretion, and absorption

• Nervous - for control and coordination of body activities

• Muscle - for production of movement

• Connective - for support, protection, and nutrient delivery

Multiple Choice

Which of these materials is no a major component of the plasma membrane?

• Phospholipids

• DNA

• Glycoproteins

• Proteins

PLASMA MEMBRANE

The plasma membrane serves as the cell's fence from the outside environment. It has the following components:

• phospholipid bilayer (for selective permeability)

• glycoproteins (for recognition)

• proteins (for transport)​

Multiple Choice

Which form of RNA delivers the information from DNA to be used in making protein?

• Messenger RNA

• Ribosomal RNA

• Transfer RNA

• All of the above

TYPES OF RNA

• Messenger RNA (mRNA) - carries the code from DNA to make proteins

• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) - makes up the ribosome, the organelle responsible for assembling amino acids into polypeptides

• Transfer RNA (tRNA) - delivers the correct amino acids to the ribosome as it synthesizes proteins.​

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the building block of proteins?

• Amino acids

• Nucleotides

• Fatty Acids

• Monosaccharides

BIOMOLECULES

Biomolecules are molecules necessary for life.

• Carbohydrates - made up of monosaccharides

• Proteins - made up of amino acids

• Lipids - made up of fatty acids

• Nucleic acids - made up of nucleotides​

Multiple Choice

What term is used to describe the ability to maintain a constant internal environment?

• Metabolism

• Growth and Development

• Homeostasis

• Thermoregulation

​Homeostasis

​

This refers to an environment or an organisms ability to maintain a steady state of living conditions.

​

Ex: thermoregulation​

Multiple Choice

Which is the smallest unit of life that can survive and reproduce on its own?

• Cell

• Tissues

• Organs

• Community

​Life Organization

​

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Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Organ Systems -> Organisms

Multiple Choice

Where do producers obtain their energy?

• Other producers

• Consumers

• Decomposers

• Sun

Energy Flow

​

​

Sun -> Producers -> Consumers -> Decomposers

Multiple Choice

Where does lipid synthesis take place?

• Ribosomes

• Lysosomes

• Golgi Body

• Smooth ER

Synthesis

​

Protein synthesis - in the ribosomes and rough ER

​

Lipid synthesis - in the smooth ER​

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not considered as a reproductive cell?

• Gametes

• Sperm Cell

• Egg Cell

• Somatic Cell

Types of Cells

​

Sex Cells - aka. gametes. These are cells that participate in reproduction. This includes sperm and egg cells.

​

Somatic Cells - any other cell that does not participate in reproduction. Ex: blood cells, neurons, skin cells.​

​

Multiple Choice

What is the branch of zoology that is devoted to the study of the fishes?

• Ornithology

• Microbiology

• Helminthology

• Ichthyology

BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY

Ichthyology​ - fish (remember chondrichthyes, osteichthyes?)

Ornithology - birds

Microbiology - microorganisms

Helminthology - ​parasitic worms (helminths)

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?

• Vertebrates have exoskeletons, invertebrates have endoskeletons

• Invertebrates only reproduce asexually, vertebrates reproduce sexually

• Vertebrates have a backbone, while invertebrates do not.

• Invertebrates have a bilateral symmetry, vertebrates have a radial symmetry.

Vertebrates vs Invertebrates

• Vertebrates are animals that have a backbone inside their body. Usually have a bilaterial body symmetry (has right and left sides). Ex: fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, and mammals.

• Invertebrates do not have a backbone, some only have soft bodies (jellyfish​ and worms) while some have hard exoskeleton (spiders and crabs). May possess bilateral or radial body symmetry.

Multiple Choice

Most vertebrates reproduce sexually. When does fertilization occur in sexual reproduction?

• When a male animal releases sperm and a female animal releases egg

• When part of an organism breaks off and begins to grow independently

• When the cells of an embryo begin to differentiate and become specialized

• When the nucleus of the sperm fuses with the nucleus of an egg cell

Sexual vs Asexual Reproduction

• Sexual reproduction involves the production and fusion of gametes (sex cells), and changes in the number of chromosomes.

• ​Asexual reproduction occurs when the new organisms springs up from a part of an organism and the new organism inherits the full set of genes of their single parent.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the function of the reproductive system?

• to produce all the body's hormones

• to regulate body temperature

• to make the hormones that fight disease

• to regulate the development of male and female characteristics

​Organ Systems

• Reproductive system - regulates the development of male and female characteristics

• Endocrine system - production of the body's hormones

• Immune System - a part of the immune system that ​makes the hormones responsible for production of cells that fight diseases

• ​Nervous system - controls bodily processes including body temperature

Multiple Choice

Which of the following refers to commensalism?

• both organisms benefit

• both organisms are harmed

• one organism benefits and the other is harmed

• one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

ORGANISM RELATIONSHIPS

• Commensalism - one benefits, the other is unaffected

• Mutualism - both organisms benefit from each other

• Predation - one organism eats the other

• Competition - both organisms are harmed

• Parasitism - one benefits, the other is harmed​

Multiple Choice

All members of a group originate from a common ancestor and are capable of intebreeding. The taxonomy category referred to here is...

• Kingdom

• Species

• Order

• Genus

TAXONOMY

• Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species

• Only organisms of the same species can reproduce/interbreed.​

​

Multiple Choice

The process involved in the production of mRNA using DNA as a template is termed?

• Translation

• Replication

• Transcription

• Reverse Transcription

THE CENTRAL DOGMA

• Replication - DNA to DNA, or RNA to RNA

• Transcription - DNA to RNA

• Translation - RNA to protein​

• Reverse Transcription - RNA back to DNA, only done by viruses​

Multiple Choice

What muscle is described as involuntary, not striated, and have a single nucleus?

• Connective

• Smooth

• Skeletal

• Cardiac

Muscle Types

• Skeletal - have multiple nucleus. Controlled consciously or voluntarily.

• Smooth - have single nucleus and is non-striated. Controlled involuntarily.

• Cardiac​ - have a single nucleus and is striated. Also controlled involuntarily.

Multiple Choice

What hormone stimulates the development of male secondary characteristics?

• Testosterone

• Estrogen

• Progesterone

• Adrenaline

SEX HORMONES

• Testosterone - male sex hormone.

• Estrogen - female sex hormone.

• Progesterone - ​found in both males and females. In males, it is a precursor of testosterone, and in females, it prepares the uterus for pregnancy.

Multiple Choice

The cell wall of plants is made of this substance and is the reason most plants cannot be fully digested by humans.

• Lipids

• Chitin

• Glycoproteins

• Cellulose

Plants' cell wall

• The cell walls of plants function to provide tensile strength and protection from mechanical and osmotic pressure.

• This layer contains cellulose -- which is responsible for its function and is the reason it cannot be digested by humans (which lacks the enzyme cellulase).​

The End.