Unit Two Final Review

Unit Two Final Review

By senor Marshall

Spheres of the Earth

Knowing the four spheres and key details about each​

Atmosphere, biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere​

The gaseous layers that sits above the Earth

​​Atmosphere

All of the life that lives on Earth

Biosphere

All of the water that exists on Earth and in the atmosphere

​​Hydrosphere

The physical terrain and environment of Earth​

​​Geosphere

Can be broken up into 5 sections: Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere.

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​This layer is possible b/c of the gravity created by the core keeping it together.

Life exists within the troposphere. The Ozone layer is in the lower portion of the stratosphere.

Atmosphere

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Atmospheric composition

78% nitrogen. 21% oxygen. 1% total of the other gases. The amount of gas molecules reduce the further from the surface. This means, atmospheric density decreases as you get higher. (Also why it is harder to breathe when climbing a mountain)

In much smaller portions, there is also carbon dioxide, argon, water vapor, and methane in the atmosphere.

Other gases

Most of the atmosphere is made of nitrogen and oxygen.

Main Gases

Multiple Choice

the atmosphere is the layer of

• rock

• water

• gas

• life

Multiple Choice

Where is the ozone layer located?

• middle stratosphere

• lower mesosphere

• low stratosphere

• upper troposphere

It may be simplest to think of the hydrosphere as a convection current, now that you know what that is.

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As the water cools in the atmosphere (condensation), it gains density and fails to the geosphere (precipitation). It pools together when it reaches Earth (runoff) is heated and loses density, then sent back to the atmosphere (transpiration, and evaporation).

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There are more details, but these are the ones you need to recall.

Hydrosphere

71% of Earth's surface is water. Of that amount, 96.5% is found in the oceans around the world. This water is saltwater that cannot be used to sustain life.

Oceans - Saltwater

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2.5% of all water is freshwater, or non-saltwater. Of that amount, most (about 70%) is frozen within glaciers. These glaciers are currently melting back into the ocean due to climate change, reducing the amount of freshwater in the process.

Glaciers and freshwater

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Multiple Choice

Which process results in the formation of water on the outside of a cold glass of iced tea on a warm day?

• evaporation

• precipitation

• condensation

• transpiration

Multiple Choice

Most of Earth surface is made up of

• water

• solid rock

• ice

• magma

Multiple Choice

Which process is responsible for pooling water on the side of a glass?

• water

• precipitation

• condensation

• evaporation

Multiple Choice

the hydrosphere is the layer of

• ground

• water

• air

• life

Draw

Circle the process that is run-off

Draw

Circle the process that is transpiration

Biosphere

Animals

Obviously important, but you spent all of Unit 1 on this material. It will not be on this test. Glory be the gods!

It will, however, be on the quarter final exam :3

Geosphere

Basically, the Earth's composition and the rock cycle. With a dab of mineral identification.

Composed of the various minerals, and rocks outside of Earth that have developed over the eons (the word for billions of years, btw)

Outer Earth

Composed of the layers that make up the inside of the Earth.

Inner Earth

1. What is the difference between the lithosphere and asthenosphere?

2. What process is responsible for allowing tectonic plates to move?

3. What pieces of evidence support the theory of continental drift?

4. Which plate boundary is responsible for creating mountains?

5. How do scientists use earthquakes to view the Earth's composition?

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Feel free to stop here to learn more​

Inner Layers​

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Seismologists study seismic waves that are created from earthquakes as tectonic plates grind past each other.

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The earthquake sends vibrations through the Earth, and scientists can read that to see what Earth is made of.​

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The waves bounced off solids (inner core) and liquids (everything else, but different densities) differently, giving scientists details about what the inside looks like. Remember, it is much too hot to actually go down beyond the crust. Also, we'd die from gravity pressures (as you get closer to the core, gravity strengthens) before the heat-killed us anyway.

​Using Earthquakes at transform boundaries to help

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The upper portion rocky layer of Earth. Also called the lithosphere. The crust is made up of tectonic plates.

Crust

Made up of molten rock (magma). The upper portion is also called the asthenosphere (very important area)

​​Mantle

​Made of molten metal. Convection within this metal layer creates the Earth's magnetic field

​​Outer Core

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A layer of highly compact solid metal that is insanely hot due to the pressure.

This layer is the source of gravity and the heat for the layers above it. Everything is pulled toward the core.

Inner Core

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Was the final proposed theory of how tectonic plates moved after convection currents were confirmed to occur within the mantle.

Theory of plate tectonics

Proposed by Wegener, this theory stated that the Earth's continents have shifted. He believed they were all once together, and pulled together a lot of evidence to prove it. However, he failed to describe HOW the plates moved and were thus rejected.

Continental Drift

Plate Tectonics

We will see his points of evidence on the next slide.

Multiple Choice

Which evidence has led scientists to conclude that there are different layers within Earth’s interior?

• rock samples taken from Earth’s core

• temperatures taken within each layer

• analysis of earthquake wave data

•  measurement of Earth’s diameter

Wegener believed, if you moved the continents it looked like they fit like a puzzle! (South America and Africa in particular) This gave him the idea for Pangeae - the supercontinents.

Continental Fit

There were fossils of plants and animals that lived only on land, found on continents that were separated by large oceans. Plants surely cannot swim, and so this wouldn't be possible unless the landmasses were once connected.

Fossil Findings​

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Mountains that formed along the coast of North America and Europe have the same rock composition and are dated around the same time. Only possible if the mountains were made first, then the continents split.

Mountains and rocks

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You won't be tested on these, but he also found signs of past glaciers in now tropic areas and coal beds where they couldn't be made due to temperature. This suggested that those areas used to have a different climate before the continents shifted.

​​Signs of glaciers and coal beds

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Multiple Choice

What feature of the continents best suggest that they were once joined?

• some continents fit together like a puzzle

• some continents are the same size

• all continents have mountain ranges

• all continents contain the same crustal composition

Multiple Choice

The shows current positions were fossils of the same animal and plant species were discovered. How does the theory of plate tectonics explain the location of these fossils?

• The animals evolved independently on both continents

• the animals were able to swim from one continent to the other

• the continents were once joined

• humans transported the plants and animals to each location

The source of how tectonic plates move. Warm magma in the asthenosphere (upper mantle), heated by the core, is sent upward. As it gets closer to the surface, it cools and sinks back down. This motion creates a current that pulls the plates above along with it (like a log floating in a river current).

These are called convection currents.​

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The process of heat transfer within any fluid (gas or liquid​) is called convection. That is why you can find it in the atmosphere, hydrosphere and even in the inner core (which is liquid metal)

Mantle Convection

Multiple Choice

Which Earth layer contains convection currents that are believed to be responsible for the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates?

• Mantle

• Crust

• Inner Core

• Outer core

Relative Age Dating

In order to get an idea for how old rocks and fossils may be for his evidence, relative aging had to be used.

There will be questions on all of them.

You can find the relative age of fossils based on the relative age of the rock layer it is found in. The further down a fossil is, the older (since it had to be buried longer to be there).

Faunal Succession

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Each rock layer is younger than the layers below it. The bottom layer had to exist so that the top layers can be deposited above it.

Superposition

Any intrusion or fault that occurs along a layer happened after the layers formed.

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A fault is a break in the crust (cliffs are faults), a fold is a bend (hills are folds) and intrusions are magma that cut into the rock.​

Cross-cutting relationships

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Multiple Choice

Which layer is oldest

• A

• C

• E

• B

Multiple Choice

Which layer is youngest?

• A

• C

• E

• B

Multiple Choice

Which layer an intrusion?

• A

• C

• E

• B

Multiple Choice

Which fossil is oldest?

• 1

• 3

• 4

• 7

Tectonic plates drift together. They collide with each other, resulting in plate destruction!​

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Subduction, mountains and even volcanic activity is made by these movements

Convergent Boundaries

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​Tectonic plates drift apart from each other. This creates a gap that magma can flow through, making new crust.

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Found mostly in the ocean at mid-oceanic ridges.

Divergent Boundaries

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Tectonic plates grind against each other. No creation or destruction of crust, just to houses.

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Earthquakes and faults are key features of these.​

Transform Boundaries

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Multiple Choice

What causes the tectonic plates to shift?

• Convergent boundaries

• Divergent Boundaries

• Transform Boundaries

• Convection currents

Multiple Choice

Which plate boundary creates earthquakes?

• Convergent boundaries

• Divergent Boundaries

• Transform Boundaries

• Space Boundaries

Multiple Choice

Which plate boundary creates new crust at oceanic ridges?

• Convergent boundaries

• Divergent Boundaries

• Transform Boundaries

• Space Boundaries

Multiple Choice

Which plate boundary can make volcanoes or mountains?

• Convergent boundaries

• Divergent Boundaries

• Transform Boundaries

• Space Boundaries

Multiple Choice

What causes the tectonic plates to shift?

• Convergent boundaries

• Divergent Boundaries

• Transform Boundaries

• Convection currents

Rocks and minerals

Oh, joy!​

Rocks are made of minerals. In order to help identify them, we don't use color. (Most rocks look similar in color... like a rock) instead, we use their physical and chemical properties.

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Most minerals can be characterized and classified by their unique physical properties: hardness, luster, color, streak, specific gravity, cleavage, fracture, and tenacity.

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Hardness and streak will be on the test. The videos will demonstrate both.

Mineral Properties

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Multiple Choice

Which mineral is harder than a steel nail?

• fluorite

• topaz

• apatite

• orthoclase

Multiple Choice

Which mineral is harder than a corundum?

• diamond

• topaz

• apatite

• orthoclase

Multiple Choice

Which mineral is softest?

• diamond

• topaz

• apatite

• orthoclase

Multiple Choice

Which property is being tested?

• color

• cleavage

• hardness

• streak

Over time, rocks break down due to different events, such as rain, wind, glacier movement, or even animals walking on it all the time.

This creates sediments.​

Weathering

When those broken down rocks are carried away by water streams or wind, it is called erosion.

Erosion creates things like canyons as old rivers constantly take sediments downstream.​

Erosion

Made when magma (molten rock) or lava cools.

Also called crystallization, since this process makes crystals in the rock.​

The lithosphere (crust) is almost all igneous rock.​

Igneous Rock

Made with intense pressure and high heat, like when tectonic plates meet (divergent boundaries).

Also called metamorphism.​

Metamorphic Rock

Made from sediments (gravel and pebbles) that are compacted and cemented together. Usually, has layers, as that's how the sediments are deposited. Also called lithification.

Sedimentary Rock

Put all those processes together and you get the rock cycle.

Any rock can turn into any other rock, if the correct process happens.​

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​Some text here about the topic of discussion.

Rock Cycle

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Multiple Choice

What is made after larger rocks are weathered?

• igneous

• metamorphic

• sedimentary

• sediments

Multiple Choice

Metamorphic rocks are made from?

• compaction and cementation

• heat and pressure

• melting and cooling

• weathering and erosion

Multiple Choice

What type of rock is made from melting and cooling?

• igneous

• metamorphic

• sedimentary

• Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson

Multiple Choice

What type of rock is made from compaction and cementation of sediments?

• igneous

• metamorphic

• sedimentary

• Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson