BIO1500 SP22

Today

​Narrowing a topic

Primary vs. secondary sources​

Citation​

Finding Research Articles​

[e-mail]

Open Ended

What is your topic for the research review paper?

Mind Maps

​

Help you focus your topic.

​

Think about:

• Who

• What

• When

• Where

• Why

• How​

​

​What about the topic are you most interested in learning about?

Poll

Have you searched for background information on your topic?

• Yes

• A little bit

• No

Background information

​

This is information you use to get a better understanding of your topic, not information you use and cite in your paper.​

​

Can help to establish and aim and scope of your research​

​

Places to find background information​:

• ​Textbook

• Encyclopedias (print or online)

• Overview articles in EBSCO Discovery or Science in Context

​Guidelines

Use “least four SCIENTIFIC works cited.  You may have more works cited but at least four of them must be scientific.  At least two must be not only scientific but also be a peer reviewed study from a journal and not simply a review of research or survey article.  One of the two peer reviewed studies must be biological or chemical research, not a clinical study or survey.” ​

Types of Sources

• NOT original research

• Comments on or synthesizes existing research

• Uses primary sources

• Uses terms like review, synthesize, summarize

​Secondary Sources

• Original research by the authors who conducted the study ​

• "In this study",​ "This study shows," "We found"

• Materials and Methods, and Results sections​

Primary Sources

Primary vs. secondary sources

Is this a primary source?

Top predator foraging strategy and prey base community composition can influence food web structure and function. To investigate the role of functional trait diversity and taxonomic richness in determining food chain length and energy flow in high elevation desert streams, we examined aquatic invertebrate community data along with carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of a top predator, Abedus herberti (giant water bug). We also examined isotopic niche differences across different levels of population structure and seasons. We hypothesized that communities with higher richness would have longer food chains. We found food chain length did not vary substantially across a wide taxonomic and functional richness gradient, which contradicts theoretical mechanisms stating that more resources or higher functional diversity should lead to longer food chains. The isotopic niche of A. herberti was conserved across seasons and sites, and the majority of carbon in tissues came from allochthonous materials. Stable isotopes suggested that A. herberti occupy similar feeding niches in spring and autumn, despite seasonal changes in stream conditions, leaf litter inputs, and invertebrate community structure. Due to the strong aquatic–terrestrial linkages we identified, human activities and climate-driven alterations to the adjacent terrestrial environment may affect the dynamics and integrity of the within-stream ecosystem.​

https://ezai.ez.cwmars.org:3243/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=141680911&site=eds-live&scope=site​

Multiple Choice

Is this a primary source?

• Yes

• No

Top predator foraging strategy and prey base community composition can influence food web structure and function. To investigate the role of functional trait diversity and taxonomic richness in determining food chain length and energy flow in high elevation desert streams, we examined aquatic invertebrate community data along with carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of a top predator, Abedus herberti (giant water bug). We also examined isotopic niche differences across different levels of population structure and seasons. We hypothesized that communities with higher richness would have longer food chains. We found food chain length did not vary substantially across a wide taxonomic and functional richness gradient, which contradicts theoretical mechanisms stating that more resources or higher functional diversity should lead to longer food chains. The isotopic niche of A. herberti was conserved across seasons and sites, and the majority of carbon in tissues came from allochthonous materials. Stable isotopes suggested that A. herberti occupy similar feeding niches in spring and autumn, despite seasonal changes in stream conditions, leaf litter inputs, and invertebrate community structure. Due to the strong aquatic–terrestrial linkages we identified, human activities and climate-driven alterations to the adjacent terrestrial environment may affect the dynamics and integrity of the within-stream ecosystem.​

https://ezai.ez.cwmars.org:3243/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=141680911&site=eds-live&scope=site​

Phototherapy, with minimally invasive and cosmetic effect, has received considerable attention and been widely studied in cancer treatment, especially in biomaterials field. However, most nanomaterials applied for the delivery of phototherapy agents are usually recognized by the immune system or cleared by liver and kidney, thus hindering their clinical applications. To overcome these limitations, bionic technology stands out by virtue of its low antigenicity and targeting properties, including membrane bionics and bionic enzymes. In this review, we will summarize the up-to-date progress in the development of biomimetic camouflage-based nanomaterials for phototherapy, from synthesis to application, and their future in cancer treatment.

https://ezai.ez.cwmars.org:3243/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=154908634&site=eds-live&scope=site​

Multiple Choice

Is this a primary source?

• Yes

• No

Phototherapy, with minimally invasive and cosmetic effect, has received considerable attention and been widely studied in cancer treatment, especially in biomaterials field. However, most nanomaterials applied for the delivery of phototherapy agents are usually recognized by the immune system or cleared by liver and kidney, thus hindering their clinical applications. To overcome these limitations, bionic technology stands out by virtue of its low antigenicity and targeting properties, including membrane bionics and bionic enzymes. In this review, we will summarize the up-to-date progress in the development of biomimetic camouflage-based nanomaterials for phototherapy, from synthesis to application, and their future in cancer treatment.

https://ezai.ez.cwmars.org:3243/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=154908634&site=eds-live&scope=site​

Pharmacological treatment of recombinant growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) proteins reduces body weight in obese rodents and primates. Paradoxically, circulating GDF15 levels are increased in obesity. To investigate the role of endogenous GDF15 in obesity development, we put GDF15 knockout mice and wildtype controls on high fat diet for the mice to develop diet-induced obesity. Compared to wildtype animals, GDF15 knockout mice were more prone to high fat diet-induced obesity. Male knockout mice showed worse glucose tolerance, lower locomotor activity and lower metabolic rate than wildtype mice. Additionally, GDF15 deficiency increased occurrences of high fat diet-induced skin lesions. Our data suggests that endogenous GDF15 has a protective role in obesity development and lack of GDF15 aggravates the progression of obesity and associated pathological conditions. Elevated GDF15 levels in obesity may have resulted from a response to overcome GDF15 resistance.

https://ezai.ez.cwmars.org:3243/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=131037694&site=eds-live&scope=site​

Multiple Choice

Is this a primary source?

• Yes

• No

Pharmacological treatment of recombinant growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) proteins reduces body weight in obese rodents and primates. Paradoxically, circulating GDF15 levels are increased in obesity. To investigate the role of endogenous GDF15 in obesity development, we put GDF15 knockout mice and wildtype controls on high fat diet for the mice to develop diet-induced obesity. Compared to wildtype animals, GDF15 knockout mice were more prone to high fat diet-induced obesity. Male knockout mice showed worse glucose tolerance, lower locomotor activity and lower metabolic rate than wildtype mice. Additionally, GDF15 deficiency increased occurrences of high fat diet-induced skin lesions. Our data suggests that endogenous GDF15 has a protective role in obesity development and lack of GDF15 aggravates the progression of obesity and associated pathological conditions. Elevated GDF15 levels in obesity may have resulted from a response to overcome GDF15 resistance.​

https://ezai.ez.cwmars.org:3243/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edb&AN=131037694&site=eds-live&scope=site​

With the increased global production of different genetically modified (GM) plant varieties, chances increase that unauthorized GM organisms (UGMOs) may enter the food chain. At the same time, the detection of UGMOs is a challenging task because of the limited sequence information that will generally be available. PCR-based methods are available to detect and quantify known UGMOs in specific cases. If this approach is not feasible, DNA enrichment of the unknown adjacent sequences of known GMO elements is one way to detect the presence of UGMOs in a food or feed product. These enrichment approaches are also known as chromosome walking or gene walking (GW). In recent years, enrichment approaches have been coupled with next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis and implemented in, amongst others, the medical and microbiological fields. The present review will provide an overview of these approaches and an evaluation of their applicability in the identification of UGMOs in complex food or feed samples.​

https://ezai.ez.cwmars.org:3243/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.470601439&site=eds-live&scope=site​

Multiple Choice

Is this a primary source?

• Yes

• No

With the increased global production of different genetically modified (GM) plant varieties, chances increase that unauthorized GM organisms (UGMOs) may enter the food chain. At the same time, the detection of UGMOs is a challenging task because of the limited sequence information that will generally be available. PCR-based methods are available to detect and quantify known UGMOs in specific cases. If this approach is not feasible, DNA enrichment of the unknown adjacent sequences of known GMO elements is one way to detect the presence of UGMOs in a food or feed product. These enrichment approaches are also known as chromosome walking or gene walking (GW). In recent years, enrichment approaches have been coupled with next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis and implemented in, amongst others, the medical and microbiological fields. The present review will provide an overview of these approaches and an evaluation of their applicability in the identification of UGMOs in complex food or feed samples.​

https://ezai.ez.cwmars.org:3243/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=edsgao&AN=edsgcl.470601439&site=eds-live&scope=site

Image from https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/basic-principles

​

Citing your sources

Do Not use the URL from the database in your citation

When you use the URL from the database it requires you to sign in with your AIC credentials to view the article.

​

You need to provide a URL that will allow anyone to see the article.​

​

https://ezai.ez.cwmars.org:3243/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2021-80255-001&site=eds-live&scope=site

​

https://doi-org.ezai.ez.cwmars.org:3243/10.1037/hum0000235 ​

​

- the persistent, unique link that will bring you to where the article is located online

- typically found on the first page of the article​

https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001509

​​DOI

- direct link to the article on the publisher's website

https://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001509 ​

​​Source Link

use the doi or link to the article on the publisher's website

Open Ended

What questions do you have about what we have covered so far?

Books!

• Find books using EBSCO Discovery or Library Catalog

• Browse the shelves on the second floor of Shea Library​

• In-depth discussions of various topics

• Include references that you can explore​

Holds and interlibrary loan (ill)

If you find a book or an article that Shea Library doesn't have we can get it for you from another library for free!

​

Holds

• Books from other libraries in C/W MARS (150 libraries)

• Use your library account to request the book​

​

ILL

• Books and journal articles from beyond ​

• Use the library's ILL Request Form to request the book or article​

​Information from the Web

• Be critical of the information you select

• Evaluate your sources

  • CRAAP Test

  • ​SIFT Method

• Look for scientific organizations

• Complete, thorough, and accurate information​

Using Databases to find information

• Peer-reviewed articles

• High-quality content​

• Limiters/filters to narrow your results​

• Identify keywords/subjects to improve searches​

• Make sure you understand the sources that you use!​

​Record your search process

• Be more efficient

• Avoid repetition of searches​

• Note down authors, keywords, ​and databases used

• Keep track of useful sources

Poll

How confident do you feel in your ability to locate peer-reviewed research studies in a library database?

• Not confident

• Kind of confident

• Confident

• Very confident

Biology Research Guide

1. ​Go to my.aic.edu

2. Choose ​Library from the yellow menu at the top

3. Under Useful Links on the right-hand side select Research Guides

4. Choose the Biology Research Guide

5. Go to the BIO1500 page​

6. https://libguides.aic.edu/biology/bio1500​

​

​

Poll

Would you be interested in open computer lab time to research with a librarian available to help if needed?

• Yes

• No

• Maybe

Get Help

[e-mail]

[e-mail]

Biology Research Guide​

CSE Book at the Support Desk​