Anaphoric and Cataphoric references

Anaphoric and Cataphoric references

( This & It )​

By ROSIDAWATI BM

Objectives :

By the end of the lesson , students should be able :

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1. identify correctly the referent of 5 numbered anaphoric/cataphoric references.

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2. ​ fill in 10 blanks with either 'this' or 'it'.

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3. identify the referent for 5 numbered anaphoric/cataphoric references.​

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ANAPHORIC REFERENCE

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• A word in  the text that refers back to other words or ideas which were presented EARLIER in the text.

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• It can be used to repeat or expand on previous information.

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• To avoid unnecessary repetition.

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​Examples and uses of anaphoric references​

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1) Father walks in the park every morning. He has been doing this for the last couple of years.

​ this ( anaphoric reference ) refers to the act of walking in the park every morning ( referent)

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2) The ending of the story is very sad. It makes me want to cry.

it  ( anaphoric reference ) refers to the ending of the story

( referent ).

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​Examples and uses of anaphoric references

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​ 3) Investing in properties can be a good way of increasing your net worth but sometimes it  can be risky.

it  ( anaphoric reference ) refers to the phrase investing in properties ( referent )

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CATAPHORIC REFERENCE

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• A word or a phrase that points to words or ideas that come LATER in the text. *

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• To generate reader’s interest ( to find out what exactly is being referred to )

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​Examples and uses of cataphoric references

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1) This is what I don’t like ; attending long meetings.

This  (cataphoric reference ) refers to the act of attending long meetings (referent)

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2) I have to do it today. The assignment was given by my lecturer last week.

It ( cataphoric reference) refers to the assignment ( referent )​

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​Examples and uses of cataphoric references (cont. )

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3) It  was the highest in the country at the time , and the significant growth was a clear indication of the strength of the state’s socioeconomic  development.​

it  ( cataphoric reference ) refers to the state’s socioeconomic development (referent)

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When to use It

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• It  is often used to refer to non-living things.

• It can be used as a subject and an object.

  e.g : The waitress brought a tray with 3 glasses on it.

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When to use This

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• This is used to identify a specific person or thing close by or being indicated or experienced

  e.g : She made lunch before leaving, and this made her late.

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Exercise

Identify the referent for each anaphoric and cataphoric reference in the sentences.

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1. “My father liked the house very much, but he couldn’t afford it.”

2. “The film was based on a true story, but it failed to get viewers’ attention.”

3. If you like it , you can stroke the puppy.

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Exercise ( cont. )

Identify the referents for each anaphoric and cataphoric reference in the sentences.

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4. This is what I meant - If you work hard , you will succeed in your life.

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5. He will never be able to handle this - Doing two part-time jobs while studying is challenging.

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Worksheet 1 ( quizizz )

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1. He decided not to go out in the end ………………. was because he had a lot of things to do.

2. Researches have found that eating chocolate stimulates the brain. ……………. suggests that students should eat chocolate.

3. …………… was one of the best days in my life. I spent the whole day at the beach with my family.

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Worksheet 1 (cont.)

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4. The most important part of a story is the beginning. ………………is when readers decide if they want to carry on reading or not.

5. The beginning of the story is very interesting. ……………… really makes me want to read on to find out what happens.

6. ​She had to send her daughter to clinic before coming to office. .............................. made her late for the meeting with the Board of Directors.

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Worksheet 1 (cont.)

​7.  Listen to …………………--- Ben won the first place in the singing competition.

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8. …………………….. ran into the woods and never returned since then. I miss my cat so much.

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9. “ ……………. is what he believed: that all men were created equal.”

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10. Once ……………….. landed safely, the helicopter opened its doors.

 

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Worksheet 2

Read the text and identify what the numbered words refer to.

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Tasty Food is food you work for

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It is well-known that people appreciate things more if they have worked for them – and (1) this applies to food, too , reports The Daily Telegraph. In a US study, psychologist strained mice to press levers to obtain sugary treats.

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Worksheet 2 (cont.)

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One lever had to be pressed 15 times before (2) it delivered the reward; the other delivered a similar titbit after just one press.When the mice were given free access to both types of treat, they favoured the one they had previously worked harder for, and (3) this remained true when the treats were replaced with healthy snacks.​

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Worksheet 2 (cont.)

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​ “ At present , we don’t know why effort seems to boost the taste of food , but we know that (4) it does, and this effect lasts for at least 24 hours after the act of working hard to get the food,” said Alexander Johnson of Johns Hopkins University.”(5) This suggests that , down the road , obese individuals might be able to alter their eating habits so as to prefer healthier, low-calorie food by manipulating the amount of work required to obtain the food.”

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Further reading :

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​https://klwightman.com/2020/08/31/anaphoric-cataphoric-and-exophoric-referencing-a-grammar-guide/

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http://eltnotebook.blogspot.com/2014/10/an-elt-glossary-anaphoric-cataphoric.html

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https://philosophy-question.com/library/lecture/read/395121-what-is-cataphoric-reference-and-anaphoric-reference#1

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