Evolution

Evolution

By Andrew Hogan

• What is it?

• What evidence is there?

• How does it work?​

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The foundation of biology

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​Evolution

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1. Biological change over time

2. Very small changes in mutated genes that help adaptation​ to an environment

Defined as:

More like Survival of the most well adapted to their environment.

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Survival of the fittest?

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What is Evolution?

The foundation of biology

Poll

An error in DNA copying that results in a new trait

• Homeostasis
• Mutation
• Natural Selection
• Selective Breeding

MUTATION

Evolution: The foundation of biology

What is a species?

Evolution: The foundation of biology

• Mules are made by breeding a donkey and a horse

• Mules can't reproduce

• They are not a species, they are hybrids​

What about mules?

1. Must be able to reproduce fertile offspring

2. Offspring must be able to also reproduce

A group of organisms

Poll

The formation of new species

• Speciation

• Evolution

• Natural selection

• Mutations

SPECIATION

Evolution: The foundation of biology

How does it work?

Small changes over time

• Species need energy to survive and reproduce

• Most changes relate to improving the ability to gather food or prevent death

• Other change may relate to sexual selection

• All of this is powered by Natural Selection​

Evolution: The foundation of biology

Poll

Small biological changes over time...

• Natural Selection
• Selective Breeding
• Homeostasis
• Evolution

EVOLUTION

Evolution: The foundation of biology

• The mechanism that drives evolution.

• ​The process of a species, not organisms, being able to pass genes to the next generations

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Evolution: The foundation of biology

Natural Selection

Poll

Where the better adapted organisms survive to pass traits along to offspring.

• Evolution
• Natural Selection
• Extinction
• Artifical Selection

NATURAL SELECTION

Evolution: The foundation of biology

Beneficial mutations are more likely to get passed on >> EVENTUALLY forming new species.

This is called speciation​

Evolution: The foundation of biology

Poll

Why are advantageous traits more likely to be passed onto offspring?

• Because they are more likely to survive and reproduce.
• Because they come from dominant alleles.
• Because they come from recessive alleles.
• Because the trait is an acquired phenotype.

BECAUSE THEY ARE MORE LIKELY TO SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE

Evolution: The foundation of biology

When one species branches off into similar different species to fit a niche environment.​

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Evolution: The foundation of biology

Adaptive Radiation

Poll

The trees these moths used to live on were white, but have been covered in soot from coal factories. Which moth will be more successful in this environment?

• Dark moth
• Light moth
• Both will be equally successful
• Neither will be successful

DARK MOTH

Evolution: The foundation of biology

What is the Evidence?

There is much evidence to support the theory of evolution.

In science we use evidence to support our thinking.​

• In the fossil record we observe HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

• These are similar bones found in different extinct and living species.​

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Evolution: The foundation of biology

Fossil Evidence

• Similar functions in the environment, but different morphology

• Example: Bird wings Vs Insect wings​

• This suggests a different evolutionary path​

Evolution: The foundation of biology

Analogous Structures

Poll

Structures with the same parts have different functions; suggests that organisms share a common ancestry

• vestigial structures
• homologous structures
• adaptive radiation
• fossil

HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

Evolution: The foundation of biology

• Parts of an organism that are no longer useful but were useful to genetic ancestors

• Example: A whale's leg bone is called a "vestigial hind limb"​

Evolution: The foundation of biology

Vestigial Structures

Poll

Whales are aquatic mammals that contain a pelvis (hip) bone. Even though it does not aid in its movement, the function must have been used by a common ancestor of the whale. Thus, the pelvis is referred to as a(n)

• vestigial structure

• analogous structure

• homologous structure

• Useless structures

VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES

Evolution: The foundation of biology

• Scientists can compare the genome of living and extinct species.

• We can observe genetic links between all living things

• Example: Humans share 60% of genes with a banana

  and around 90% with many primates​

Evolution: The foundation of biology

​Genetic Evidence

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• The comparison of a embryo development among species.

• Many species share similar morphology (the way it looks) as embryos​

Evolution: The foundation of biology

Embryology

Poll

Study of embryos of various organisms to show a common ancestor because of similarities in development

• natural selection
• embryology
• speciation
• evolution

EMBRYOLOGY

Evolution: The foundation of biology

• Gene Flow

• Genetic Drift

• Bottleneck effect

• Founder effect

• Sexual Selection​

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Evolution: The foundation of biology

​Other Factors to consider

Organisms sharing varied genetic information

Evolution: The foundation of biology

Gene Flow

Poll

This mechanism of evolution occurs when populations migrate.

• Extinction
• Gene flow
• Genetic drift
• Natural Selection

GENE FLOW

Evolution: The foundation of biology

A change in variation of genes within a population due to a chance event

Examples:​

• Founder Effect

• Bottleneck Effect​

Evolution: The foundation of biology

Genetic Drift

After a natural disaster there is less variation

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Evolution: The foundation of biology

Bottleneck Effect

A species that colonizes an island will provide the primary genetic pool​.

Evolution: The foundation of biology

Founder Effect

Poll

Which of the following is an example of the founder effect?

• Humans choose two dogs they like the characteristics of and breed them together.

• Affected individuals with blue skin can trace their ancestry back to one of the first settlers in the region.

• The environment of a fox population changes and over time foxes who are white survive and pass on their genes to their offspring.

• Cheetah populations reach their lowest levels with reduced diversity and as they rebound are so genetically similar they appear to be inbred.

Affected individuals with blue skin can trace their ancestry back to one of the first settlers in the region.

Genetic variation provided by which mates are chosen based on superficial morphology​

Evolution: The foundation of biology

Sexual Selection

Multiple Choice

When individuals choose traits possessed by the opposite sex it is called…

• Mutation

• Gene Flow

• Genetic Drift

• Sexual Selection

Multiple Choice

The formation of new species

• Speciation

• Evolution

• Natural selection

• Mutations

Multiple Choice

Where the better adapted organisms survive to pass traits along to offspring.

• Evolution
• Natural Selection
• Extinction
• Artifical Selection

Multiple Choice

Why are advantageous traits more likely to be passed onto offspring?

• Because they are more likely to survive and reproduce.
• Because they come from dominant alleles.
• Because they come from recessive alleles.
• Because the trait is an acquired phenotype.

Multiple Choice

Natural selection is when ____________ decides who survives and who doesn't

• nature
• humans
• animals
• years

Multiple Choice

The trees these moths used to live on were white, but have been covered in soot from coal factories. Which moth will be more successful in this environment?

• Dark moth
• Light moth
• Both will be equally successful
• Neither will be successful

Multiple Choice

Small biological changes over time...

• Natural Selection
• Selective Breeding
• Homeostasis
• Evolution

Multiple Choice

Which best describes mutations?

• Always helpful
• Always harmful
• Can be helpful or harmful
• Always neutral

Multiple Choice

Structures with the same parts have different functions; suggests that organisms share a common ancestry

• vestigial structures
• homologous structures
• adaptive radiation
• fossil

Multiple Choice

Study of embryos of various organisms to show a common ancestor because of similarities in development

• natural selection
• embryology
• speciation
• evolution

Multiple Choice

The diagram shows fossils in different rock layers. Which of these statements about the age of these fossils is most likely correct?

• Fossil A and C are the same age
  
• Fossil B is older than fossil C
• Fossils A is older than fossil B
• Fossil D is older than fossil C

Multiple Choice

What does Darwin's theory of evolution suggest?

• species change over time
• extinct species are not related to living species
• different species can interbreed
• animals that look alike are most closely related

Multiple Choice

What type of structures are these?

• homologous
• vestigial 
• analogous
• fossil

Multiple Choice

Which of these best represents a time period in which an organism could evolve?

• 5 days
• 100 years
• 10,000 years
• 2 decades

Multiple Choice

Whales are aquatic mammals that contain a pelvis (hip) bone. Even though it does not aid in its movement, the function must have been used by a common ancestor of the whale. Thus, the pelvis is referred to as a(n)

• vestigial structure

• analogous structure

• homologous structure

• Useless structures

Multiple Choice

A theory has significant evidence to support it.  True or False

• True
• False

Multiple Choice

The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment 

• diversity.
• evolution
• adaptation
•  fitness

Multiple Choice

Where humans have bred organisms together based on traits we like.

• Evolution
• Natural Selection
• Extinction 
• Artificial Selection

Multiple Choice

The difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in a group is called a(n)

• change
• adaption
• species
• variation

Multiple Choice

The long and sharp beak of a woodpecker is an example of:

• Natural Selection
• Selective Breeding

Multiple Choice

An error in DNA copying that results in a new trait

• Homeostasis
• Mutation
• Natural Selection
• Selective Breeding