Final Review

Final Review

By James Adams

Scenarios and Vocab

​Scenario 1 (applies to next two questions)

Scenario 1: Due to extended drought, a large lake is split into distant isolated ponds. As a result, what was once a single interbreeding population of nematodes are split into two reproductively isolated groups.

Multiple Select

This is an example of... (Select all that apply)

• Speciation

• Microevolution

• An extrinsic barrier

• A reproductive isolating mechanism

Multiple Select

Scenario 1 shows an example of... (Select all that apply)

• A postzygotic mechanism

• anagenesis

• phyletic gradualism

• Cladogenesis

• A prezygotic mechanism

Explanations:

BOLD is true. Struck through is false.

A. Speciation

B. Microevolution (micro below the species level, think Anagenesis)

C. An extrinsic barrier (because it was a geographic barrier)

D. A reproductive isolating mechanism

E. A postzygotic mechanism (applies to intrinsic barriers)

F. Anagenesis (Cladogenesis)

G. Phyletic Gradualism​ (closer to punctuated equilibrium)

H. Cladogenesis​

I. Prezygotic mechanism (applies to intrinsic barriers)​

Scenarios and Vocab

​Scenario 2 (Applies to next two questions)

Sea levels rise, and a new species of fish finds its way into a shallow sea. Over many millennia, it begins to diversify into new species, becoming very well adapted to this environment’s many unexploited ecological niches.

Multiple Choice

This is an example of adaptive radiation.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

The many distinct species of fish that have adapted to these ecological niches are good examples of generalized species

• True

• False

Explanations:

Some text here about the topic of discussion

1. True

2. False. The original species was generalized. The ones that split off to fill the niches are specialized.

​

Scenarios and Vocab

Scenario 3 (Applies to next 6 questions)

Eventually, the sea begins to attract a medium-sized, omnivorous land mammal who had recently acquired the ability to produce a digestive enzyme that can break down a species of tough, fibrous plants that this particular sea is filled with. Over time, speciation occurs. Some of these mammals start to lose their fur, develop smaller, webbed appendages and larger, more efficient lungs, which help them remain in the water for longer periods of time. The land population maintains its fur to protect it from the sun, and keeps its long limbs and separate toes, which are good for locomotion and balance on land. The land species can still swim, and now occasionally hunts the smaller sea species.

Multiple Choice

The functional mutation that allowed the mammal to exploit the sea environment is an example of adaptive radiation.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

The land mammal is an example of a generalized species.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Since this set of mammals speciated to fill very different ecological niches, they are no longer closely related, phylogenetically speaking.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

The fact that both the land and sea mammals have five digits is an example of analogous traits.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

If both the fish in this sea and the new sea mammals start to turn a certain color of green to help them blend in with the the shade of local kelp, this would be an example of a parallelism.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Both the sea and land mammals have a rare 1:1:1:1 dental formula, but the land mammals’ teeth have become longer and sharper, while the sea mammals’ have become flatter and wider. This dental formula is an example of a shared derived trait.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice and True or False

Some text here about the topic of discussion

Multiple Choice

Tiny bones in the middle ear that are a shared derived trait of Primates.

• Ear Drum

• Audial bones

• Auditory Bulla

• Sonic Ossicle

• None of these

Multiple Choice

Humans are ther only large primate with IMIs over 100.

• True

• False

​False. Humans are the only large primate with longer legs than arms. This means their IMIs are below 100.

Multiple Choice

Homo neanderthalensis is the name given to Neanderthals if you subscribe to the _________________.

• Multiregional Evolution Model

• Replacement Model

• Primary origin Model

Multiple Choice

If you subscribe to the _________________, you consider Neanderthals to be a special set of Archaic Humans, and you refer to them as Homo sapien neanderthalensis.

• Multiregional Evolution Model

• Replacement Model

• Primary Origin Model

​- Multiregional Evolution Model: modern humans evolved separately in different places (discredited)

​

- Replacement Model: Modern H. sapiens moved out of Africa and displaced other archaic humans.

​

- Primary African Origin Model: instead of pure replacement, they interbred with archaic humans. Thus, not different species

​

Multiple Choice

__________ are genetically distinct from neandertals and modern humans that lived around East Asia at around 41,000 BP.

• Homo Ergaster

• Homo Erectus

• Denisovans

• Homo sapien Neandertalensis

Multiple Choice

Paleoanthropologists who emphasize a larger degree of variation within the species are sometimes called ________________. Paleoanthropologists who prefer to interpret variations in terms of distinct species are sometimes called ____________________.

• Splitters, Lumpers

• Lumpers, Splitters

Multiple Choice

Johnathan Marks' term for an uncritical acceptance of scientific claims and an uncritical acceptance of scientific authority

• Scientology

• Scientific Ideology

• Scientism

• Scientificity

Multiple Choice

Auditory Bulla bones are derived traits that distinguish the family Hominoidea

• True

• False

​It distinguishes the Order Primates

Multiple Choice

The total area used by an organism is called its territory.

• True

• False

That’s the Home Range. The territory is the area that is heavily defended. ​

Multiple Choice

The category of “biological species” uses anatomical similarities to determine differences between species.

• True

• False

Biological species: reproductive criterion

Paleo species: anatomical similarities​

Multiple Choice

Small mammals have less surface area than larger mammals, which means they lose body heat more quickly.

• True

• False

​They have more surface area.

Multiple Choice

Anatomical modern humans evolved separately from different premodern species in different places.

• True

• False

​This was the multi-regional evolutionary model, which is discredited.

Multiple Choice

There is limited evidence of hunting among Archaic Humans.

• True

• False

​Archaic human sites show clear evidence of hunting, rather than just scavenging.

Multiple Choice

In Primates, social organization is not genetically determined.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

A Relative Dating Method entails comparing genetic similarities between extinct organisms organisms to infer phylogenetic relationships.

• True

• False

​(Relative dating uses stratigraphy and the comparative anatomy of fossils. The Above is Molecular Evolution)

Multiple Choice

According to Johnathan Marks, emphasizing biological differences between humans has helped us understand and appreciate human diversity.

• True

• F

Multiple Choice

Who am I?

(select the most specific taxonomic category that contains all of these traits)

Dry Nose

Full Post Orbital Closure

2-1-3-3

• Haplorhini

• Platyrrhini

• Anthropoidea

• Cercopithecoidea

Multiple Select

Select all that are associated with increased cerebral cortex (may include more than one):

• Increased intelligence

• Increased play behavior

• Decreased Gestation

• Increased development of the placenta

• None of these

Multiple Select

Which of the species below are considered Archaic Humans?

• Homo erectus

• Homo ergaster

• Homo heidelbergensis

• Homo neanderthalensis

Multiple Choice

Who am I?

(select the Hominin with all of these traits)

Lived 2.5mya

Gracile

Possible created the first stone tools

• Sahelanthropos tchadensis

• Homo erectus

• Australopithecus garhi

• Homo habilis

Multiple Choice

The Mousterian Culture is associated with:

• Early to mid Neanderthals culture

• Denisovan culture

• Homo Sapiens and only very late Neanderthal culture

• Homo heidelbergensis culture

Multiple Choice

Who am I?

(select the Hominin with all of these traits)

Lived 6-7 mya

Foramen magnum suggests bipedal

Central Africa

• Sahelanthropos tchadensis

• Ardipithecus ramidus:

• Australopithecus africanus

• Homo neanderthalensis

Multiple Select

Select all of the traits listed below that are associated with Gracile grades of hominins

• Cheek Bones not flaring

• No sagittal Crest

• Larger Brain

• Jaw Heavy

• Ancestor to modern humans

Multiple Choice

Who am I?

(select the most specific taxonomic category that contains all of these traits)

Found in Madagascar

Toilet Claw

Nocturnal

• Lorisoidea

• Lemuroidea

• Lemuriformes

• Primates

Multiple Choice

Who am I?

(select the Hominin with all of these traits)

Sagital Keel

Migratory

Oldowan Tools

• Sahelanthropos tchadensis

• Homo erectus

• Australopithecus garhi

• Homo habilis

Multiple Select

Select all traits associated with Hominoids.

• Scapula on back

• Shoulder: 360 rotation

• Wrist: limited medial flexion

• Wide and narrow thorax

• Limited extension of the forearm

Multiple Select

Select all characteristics listed below that are associated with bipedalism.

• Centrally located Foramen Magnum

• Arched spine

• Pelvis: Broad, short, and curved ilium

• Vertically oriented Tibia

• Foot: arched, short toes, big toe in line with others

Multiple Select

Select all types of Absolute (Chronometric) Dating Methods listed below.

• Isotopic

• Nucleotide Sequencing

• Pottasium Argon

• Carbon 14

Multiple Choice

Who am I?

(select the most specific taxonomic category that contains all of these traits)

Classic Brachiators

Brachiator anatomy

Narrow noses

• Anthropoidea

• Catarrhini

• Hominidae

• Hylobatidae

Multiple Choice

This theory of the origins of anatomically modern humans states that modern H. sapiens moved out of Africa and displaced other archaic humans.

• Replacement Model

• Multiregional Evolution Model

• Primary African Origin Model

• Molecular Evolution Model

Multiple Choice

Who am I?

(select the Hominin with all of these traits)

Lived 1.9-1.44 mya

East Africa

brain is ½ size of modern humans

• Homo neanderthalensis

• Australopithecus afarensis

• Australopithecus garhi

• Homo habilis