Biol 242 Exam 3 Review

Biol 242 Exam 3 Review

By Christopher A Jackel

Multiple Choice

Tissue that lines the outside of the body & Internal Organs, and are responsible for acting as a barrier to pathogens, as well as involved in absorption, and secretion would be?

• Connective Tissue

• Epithelial Tissue

• Muscle Tissue

• Nervous Tissue

Explanation

Connective Tissue: ​Holds tissues and organs together, stores fat, involved in gas exchange, and can be mineralized into bone. Ex. RBC

​

Muscle Tissue: ​Contractile Filaments; Voluntary movement & Involuntary organ movement. Ex. heart beat

​

Nervous Tissue: ​Reciept, Process and transmit information. Ex. Nuerons & Glial cells (support cells for neurons)

Multiple Choice

Evolution acts on the ____, While natural selection acts on the ____

• Population, Individual

• Parents, Offspring

• Individual, Population

• Offspring, Parents

Explanation​

​If over time a population of white fish turns red:

​​

-The population is evolving to be red

​

-Natural selection is acting on individuals (red fish survive and reproduce more)​

Multiple Choice

A dog shedding more of its hair in the summer is an example of an...

• Adaptation

• Acclimation

Explanation

Adaptation: A heritable, genetic trait that confers a benefit to survival or reproduction; does not change during an organism’s lifetime

​

Acclimation: ​A physiological change during an organism’s lifetime to aid its survival or reproduction; may or may not be temporary/reversible

Multiple Choice

Will Smith Is an example of an?

• Poikilothermic endotherm

• Poikilothermic ectotherm

• Homeothermic endotherm

• Homeothermic ectotherm

Explanation

Poll

True or False: Oxytocin causing contractions that further increase oxytocin levels during birth is an example of a negative feedback loop

• True

• False

False

Negative Feedback loop: The output of a system inhibits its own production. Ex. Thermoregulation.

​

Positive Feedback​ Loop: Output of a system promotes its own production

​

Multiple Select

Select All That Apply: Amoeba (Unicellular Organism) access gasses and nutrients by:

• Circulatory Systems

• Directly bathing in external solution

• Diffusion across very short distance

• Gastrovascular cavities

Explanation

-Unicellular organisms access gases and nutrients by diffusion

​

-​In animals, circulatory systems enhance access of cells to oxygen and nutrients:

​1.Gastrovascular cavities

2.Open circulatory systems

3.Closed circulatory systems

Multiple Choice

Deoxygenated blood from the body will enter the human heart through the...

• Left Ventricle

• Left Atrium

• Right Ventricle

• Right Atrium

​Explanation

Atria: Collect blood coming into the heart from veins

​

Ventricles: Pump blood out of the heart through arteries

​

Right Side: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body

​

Left Side: Receives oxygenated blood from ​ the lungs

Multiple Choice

True or False: Veins carry deoxygenated blood from capillaries back to the heart

• True

• False

Explanation

-Veins collect blood from capillaries and bring it back to the heart:

​

*could be oxygenated OR deoxygenated​

​

​

​

​

Ex: Oxygenated blood travel through veins from the lungs to the heart​ (pulmonary veins)

​

Multiple Select

Select All That Apply: What are the characteristics of a lady bugs circulatory system?

• Low Pressure Systtem

• Uses hemolymph to bath organs directly

• Low Energy Cost

• Open-ended Capillaries

Explanation

-Lady Bugs Are Insects -> Open Circulatory Systems:

​

-Use​ hemolymph (blood and interstitial fluid to bath organs directly in nutrients

​

-Low cost/energy system

​

-No real red blood cells, use free O2 binding protein (hemocyanin) in plasma​

​

Poll

An organism that has lungs with higher surface area and thin wall would have a rate of diffusion that is _____ during gas exchange compared to an organism with lungs that have a smaller surface area and thicker walls

• Higher

• Lower

Higher

​-Higher surface area = Diffusion occurs more quickly

​

-The thinner the tissue/membrane (less distance) = diffusion is quicker

​

-All respiratory systems have relatively high surface area (alveoli), thin-walled (capillary coat), and are easy to keep moist​ (gasses need to be dissolved to cross cell membranes)

Multiple Choice

Frogs force air into their lungs by contracting muscles in their oral cavity. This is an example of...

• Positive Pressure Ventilation

• Negative Pressure Ventilation

• Gills

Explanation

Positive Pressure Ventilation: ​Forcing air into the lungs (usually by contraction)

​

Negative Pressure Ventilation: ​Inhalation driven by lowering pressure compared to the outside (gas wants to flow from high pressure to low)

Multiple Choice

In alveoli, which fluid has a higher partial pressure of oxygen (PO2)?

• blood in pulmonary capillaries

• air in alveolar sacs

Explanation

-Gasses diffuse from areas of high pressure to low pressure

​

-Body wants oxygen from alveolar sacs (lungs) to move into pulmonary capillaries in order to transport it to the heart.

​

-The pressure in the alveolar sacs must be higher​

Multiple Select

Select All That Apply: What would be the effect if hemoglobin did not demonstrate cooperativity?

• it would be unable to have subunits

• it would be unable to offload lots of oxygen to oxygen poor muscles

• It would be unable to bind to oxygen

• It would be unable to uptake oxygen when close to saturation

Explanation

​-Cooperativity is responsible for hemoglobins ability to change in oxygen affinity

​

-deoxygenated hemoglobin​ has low affinity for oxygen

-Oxygenated hemoglobin has high affinity for hemoglobin

​

-If oxygen binds to one of hemoglobins subunits, other subunits more likely to take up oxygen​

Multiple Choice

1. Complex Carbohydrates(polysaccharides) breakdown into ____

2. Proteins (polypeptides) breakdown into ____

3. Fats (lipids) breakdown into ____

• 1>Amino Acids

  2.Monosaccharides

  3.Fatty Acids

• 1.Fatty Acids

  2.Monosaccharides

  3.Amino Acids

• 1.Monosaccharides

  2.Fatty Acids

  3.Amino Acids

• 1. Monosaccharides

  2. Amino Acids

  3. Fatty Acids

Explanation

Polysaccharides (complex carbs) -> monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Polypeptides (proteins) -> Amino Acids

Lipids (fats) -> Fatty Acids​

​

Poll

True or False: Proteins and Fats digestion begins in the oral cavity

• True

• False

False

-Protein digestion begins in the stomach when pepsin is introduced

-Fat digestion begins in the small intestine when bile salts (from liver) are introduced ​

Multiple Choice

A fruit bat is likely to produce more of what enzyme compared to a lion?

• Amylase

• Pepsin

• Lipase

• Nuclease

Explanation

-Amylase breaks down polysaccharides and disaccharides​ (complex carbs such as sugar in fruits)

​

-Pepsin is used to breakdown proteins

​

-Lipase is used to breakdown fats

​

-​Nuclease is used to breakdown nucleotides

​

Multiple Choice

If a patient is introduced to glucagon, but blood glucose levels remain low, this is most likely due to atypical ____ function

• Liver

• Pancreatic

Explanation

​-When blood glucose level is low: pancreas secreates glucagon which promotes liver to breakdown glycogen

​

-​When blood glucose level is high pancreas produces insulin which signals liver to store glucose as glycogen

Multiple Choice

A splinter causes warmth, redness and swelling at the site of the injury because?

• Skin cells begin rapidly dividing to account for damaged skin

• Neutrophils release cytokines at the site of injury, and recruit other neutrophils to the area

• Macrophages in the blood engulf bacteria from the splinter and expand

• Mast cells (triggered by skin cells) signal histamines which dilate blood vessels

Explanation

-Damaged skin cells trigger the release of histamines and other chemical signals from mast cells (Which recruit other immune cells)

​

-Histamines cause blood vessels to dilate (and become more permeable to leukocytes

​

-​ Neutrophils are from blood, Macrophages are from tissue, both destroy pathogens.​

-Macrophages​ can aslo release cytokines which attract more nucleophiles

​

Multiple Choice

_____ is a cell that matures in the bone marrow and produces antigen receptors and antibodies that detect diverse antigens

• Helper T Cells

• B Cells

• Cytotoxic T Cell

• Pathogen

Explanation

-​B cells: mature in bone marrow

-T cells: mature in thymus

​

B cells: ​produce antigen receptors and antibodies that detect diverse antigens

​

T cells: ​produce receptors that can recognize pathogen fragments displayed by MHC molecules on other cells

​

Helper T Cells: ​Bind to pathogen (or B cell) by MHC, release cytokines which attract other B cells and cloning

​

Cytotoxic T cells: Recognize MHC of infected cell (stimulated by helper T cells), and secretes perforin which lyse infected cell

Multiple Choice

A Clownfish has the issue of ____water because the water is ____compared to the fish

• Gaining, Hypoosmotic

• Losing, Hypoosmotic

• Losing, Hyperosmotic

• Gaining, Hyperosmotic

Explanation

-Water flows from areas with lower solute concentration to areas with higher concentration (salt is solute and the fish has less salt than the water)

​

-​Hyperosmotic: Solution with higher solute concentration

​

-Hypoosmotic: Solution with lower solute concentration​

​

Multiple Choice

When dehydrated, the hypothalamus will release ADH which will result in the urine becoming...

• More Concentrated

• Less Concentrated

Explanation

-When dehydrated, your body wants to hold onto as much water as possible.

​

-​ADH (antidiuretic hormone), released by hypothalamus creates aquaporins in the collecting ducts

​

-Aquaporins (channels ​for water in epithelial cells) allow water to leave the collecting duct and return to the body (raising urine concentration)

Any Questions?

[e-mail]