HAP2 Blood and Lymph

Blood and Lymph

By Lloyd Cascabel

Blood and Lymph

Introduction

This Quiz-Lesson game is a supplementary activity to support your understanding of the key concepts, terms, and processes involved with our immunity.

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

Objectives 1 (whole blood)

• describe the composition and volume of whole blood

• describe the composition of plasma, and discuss its importance in the body.

• describe the structures and function of each of the formed elements​​

​•​ describe anemia, plycythemia, leukopenia, and leukocytosis

•​ describe the blood-clotting process

• name some factors that may inhibit or enhance clotting​

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

10. Whole Blood and 12. Lymphatic System

How to use this Q-Lesson​?

This Q lesson has 3 parts​:

1. Pretest questions ​- to check your familiarity on each lesson.

2. Lesson Slides - to describe the topic. Read each slide / diagram and remember the key terms and processes that are highlighted.

3. Posttest questions - another set of questions will be given to test your understanding of the lesson slides. ​Some of these questions are repeating to help build your memory.

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

10. Whole Blood and 12. Lymphatic System

ENJOY!

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

10. Whole Blood and 12. Lymphatic System

Multiple Choice

What makes up around 55% of the blood?

• Plasma

• Red Blood Cells

• White Blood Cells

• Platelets

Multiple Choice

What makes the contents of blood, excluding plasma?

• red blood cells
• white blood cells
• bone marrow
• spontaneous creation

Multiple Choice

How much blood does a typical adult have?

• 5 liters

• 10 liters

• 8 liters

• 20 liters

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a component of whole blood?

• Red Blood Cells
• Spinal Fluid
• Plasma
• Platelets

Multiple Choice

What type of tissue is blood?

• Epithelial

• Connective

• Muscle

• Nerve

• The only fluid tissue in the human body

• 5x thicker than water

• Classified as a connective tissue

​

Living cells = formed elements

Non-living matrix = plasma (90% water)

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

Blood

·Color range

-Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red

-Oxygen-poor blood is dull red

·pH must remain between 7.35–7.45

·Slightly alkaline

·Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature

·5-6 Liters or about 6 quarts /body

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

Blood Characteristics

Multiple Choice

What type of tissue is blood?

• Epithelial

• Connective

• Muscle

• Nerve

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

Formed Elements

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

Formed Elements

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

Formed Elements

Erythrocytes​

• 4.6 Billion cells per mL in blood

​• red colored (depends on oxygen levels)

• biconcave disks (good surface-area to volume ratio)

• no nucleus​

• transports oxygen with help of hemoglobin ​

​

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

Formed Elements

Leukocytes​

• white blood cells

• lacks hemoglobin

• has nucleus

• capable of motility

• defend the body against infection and disease by:

• ingesting foreign materials and cellular debris

• destroying infectious agents or cancer cells;

• producing antibodie​s

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

Formed Elements

Thrombocytes​

• platelets

• anucleated​

• play an important role in hemostasis, by plugging and repairing damaged blood vessels,

• prevent blood loss.

• trigger the release of a series of coagulation factors during clotting​

Multiple Choice

Blood is composed of which of the following:

• erythrocytes (RBC)

• leukocytes (WBC)

• thrombocytes (PLT)

• all of the above

Multiple Choice

erythr/o

• red

• orange

• blue

• white

Multiple Choice

leuk/o

• red

• orange

• blue

• white

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not a leukocyte aka WBC

• erythrocyte

• basophil

• eosinophil

• neutrophil

Multiple Choice

When you get a cut or a wound, these cells help your blood to clot.

• RBC

• WBC

• platelets

• lymphocytes

Multiple Choice

The major functions of the blood include:

• Transports oxygen carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat and metabolic wastes.

• Regulates pH, body temperature and water content of cells.

• Protects against blood loss through clotting

• Protection against disease through phagocytic white blood cells and antibodies

• all of the above

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

Plasma

​·Composed of approximately 90 percent water

·Includes many dissolved substances

·Nutrients, Salts (metal ions)

·Respiratory gases

·Hormones

·Proteins, Waste products​

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

• 5 major leukocytes

• lymphocyte

• ​monocyte

• eosinophil

• basophil

• neutrophil

​• granular or agranular

• differ in specific roles​

Leukocytes (detailed)

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

·Crucial in the body’s defense against disease

·These are complete cells, with a nucleus and organelles

·Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis)

·Can respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues

Leukocytes (detailed)

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

Granulocytes

A type of immune cell that has granules (small particles) with enzymes that are released during infections, allergic reactions, and asthma. Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are granular leukocytes. Also called granulocyte, PMN, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte.

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

Neutrophils

​• first responder of immune cells

​• most numerous WBC

• ​40-60%

• avid phagocytes at infection site

• partial towards bacteria and fungi

​

​

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

Basophil

​• largest granulocyte but least common circulating leukocyte (0.5 to 1%);

• polylobed nucleus

• large number of granules​

• play a part in "immune surveillance". ​

• help detect and destroy some early cancer cells.

​

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

Basophil

​• release the histamine in their granules during an allergic reaction or asthma attack.

​• can act as antigen presenting cells

• once mature, has 60-70 hour lifespan​

• play a role in immediate hypersensitivity disorders

​

​

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

Eosinophil

​• also called eosinophiles, acidophils

​• important role in fighting multicellular parasites, allergic reactions, and cancer

• have purple nucleus

• their number increases when eating raw food

• release enzymes onto parasite's surface​

​

​

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

Agranulocytes

• lack visible cytoplasmic granules

• also known as nongranulocytes or mononuclear leukocytes​

•​ actively motile

• lymphocytes (20 - 25%) of all leukocytes

• monocytes (2 - 8%)​

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

​Monocytes

• largest of all Leukocytes

• Function as macrophages

• important in fighting chronic infection

​

• deeply staining large spherical nuclei - contain large masses of chromatin

• play important role in immune response

• include T, B lymphocytes and NK Cells​

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

​Lymphocytes

• constitute 20 - 25% of all leukocytes

• deeply staining large spherical nuclei - contain large masses of chromatin

• play important role in immune response

• include T, B lymphocytes and NK Cells​

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

​T Lymphocytes

Helper T Cells

​• arguably most important cells in the adaptive immunity

• help B cells to secrete Antibodies

• help macrophages to destroy ingested microbes

• help activate cytotoxic T Cells to kill infected target cells.​

​

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

​T Lymphocytes

• develop from the bone marrow-derived cells that migrate to the THYMUS

• regulators of adaptive function serving as primary effectors for cell-mediated immunity

• antigen-specific

• can be Helper T Cells or Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL)​

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

​T Lymphocytes

Cytotoxic T Cells

​• can kill certain cells including foreign cells, cancer cells, and cells infected with a virus

• eliminate any cells with abnormal surface phenotype

• kills cells by inducing apoptosis

• perforins on surface

• granymes inside to make series of apopotosis​

​

BNDS | Human Anatomy and Physiology

​B Lymphocytes

• function in humoral immunity of the adaptive immune system

• produced in the bone marrow and migrates to spleen and other secondary lymphoid tissues where they will mature and differentiate

• produce antibody molecules​

Multiple Choice

How do we call the liquid component of the blood?

• plasma

• red blood cells

• white blood cells

• platelets

• water

Multiple Choice

Which component of blood is responsible for the transport of nutrients, cellular waste, hormones, etc?

• red blood cells

• white blood cells

• plasma

• platelets

• blood type

Multiple Choice

Which white blood cell is this?

• lymphocyte

• phagocyte

Fill in the Blank

What type of cell is this?

Fill in the Blank

this cell increases in response to what?

Fill in the Blank

what type of cell is this?

Multiple Choice

Leukocytes that increase in number during bacterial and fungal infections.

• basophils

• eosinophils

• lymphocytes

• monocytes

• neutrophils

Multiple Choice

Leukocytes that activate phagocytes to start the immune response.

• basophils

• eosinophils

• lymphocytes

• monocytes

• neutrophils

Multiple Choice

Leukocytes that increase during parasitic infections.

• basophils

• eosinophils

• lymphocytes

• monocytes

• neutrophils

Multiple Choice

Leukocytes that produce histamine and heparin.

• basophils

• eosinophils

• lymphocytes

• monocytes

• neutrophils

Multiple Choice

Leukocytes that increase in number during chronic viral & bacterial infections.

• basophils

• eosinophils

• lymphocytes

• monocytes

• neutrophils

Multiple Choice

Leukocytes that include B-cells, T-cells, & NK-cells.

• basophils

• eosinophils

• lymphocytes

• monocytes

• neutrophils

Multiple Choice

Leukocytes that produce antibodies for long term immunity.

• basophils

• eosinophils

• lymphocytes

• monocytes

• neutrophils

Multiple Choice

During a normal differential count, what is the least encountered white blood cells?

• Monocytes

• Basophils

• Eosinophils

• Neutrophils

Multiple Choice

What is the least common leukocyte?

• neutrophils

• lymphocytes

• monocytes

• basophils

Multiple Choice

__ are really pieces of cells involved in clotting

• erythrocytes
• thrombocytes 
• fibrin
• leukocytes

Multiple Choice

The lymphocytes in charged of producing antibodies are called…

• Y cells

• T cells

• B cells

• A cells

Multiple Choice

Which of the following nuclear characteristics are used as criteria for leukocytes identification?

• Size

• color

• Presence or Absence of nucleoli

• Chromatin patterns