End of Year Review Physical Science

End of Year Review Physical Science

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This review contains: Periodic Table, Scientific Investigation, Graphs, Cycle, Acids and Bases, Photosynthesis​

Periodic Table Patterns

Periodic Table Patterns

Now let's talk groups

• groups go up and down on the periodic table

• there are 18 groups on the periodic table

• BUT only groups 1 and 2 and 13-18 follow any sort of pattern.

• the pattern is the group number can help you quickly figure out the number of valence electrons

• valence electrons are the electrons on LAST energy level

• valence electrons are the ones responsible for bonding- so VERY important!

The Group Pattern

The group numbers 1,2 13-18 can help to quickly tell how many valence electrons there are for the elements in the group

The Group Pattern

The bolded number at the top of the group tell the number of valence electrons the group has.

Group 1 has 1 valence electron

Group 2 has 2 valence electrons

The Group Pattern

The bolded number at the top of the group tell the number of valence electrons the group has.

Group 13 has 3 valence electrons

Group 14 has 4 valence electrons

(see the pattern yet?)

Group 15 has 5

Group 16 has 6

Group 17 has 7

Group 18 (mostly) has 8

*Helium in group 18 is an exception - it only has 2 electrons!

Multiple Choice

How many valence electrons do element in group 2 have?

• 1

• 2

• 12

Multiple Choice

How many valence electrons do element in group 14 have?

• 1

• 4

• 14

Multiple Choice

Most of the elements on the periodic table are classified as _____.

• Metals
• Nonmetals
• Metalloids
• Periods

The periodic table is FULL of patterns.

• If you know the patterns, you can use it to find information quickly about the elements

• The two patterns we are going to review are the periods and the group numbers

Multiple Choice

The number at the bottom of each square on the periodic table is the ...

• atomic number
• atomic mass
• chemical symbol
• element name

Let's start with the periods

• periods are the name for the rows that go across the table

• there are 7 rows on the periodic table

• the pattern is the elements in a period have the same number of energy levels

• as elements get bigger with more electrons, the elements need more space for their electrons.

Multiple Choice

The number at the top of each square on the periodic table is the ...

• atomic number
• atomic mass
• Chemical Symbol
• Element Name

See?

• Energy level 1 with hydrogen and helium have only 1 and 2 electrons

• Energy level 2 from Lithium to Neon have two energy levels and have even more electrons

• Energy leve3 from sodium to argon have 3 energy levels and still more electrons!

Multiple Choice

What is the chemical symbol for Lithium?

• H
• He
• Li
• N

Multiple Choice

How many energy levels does Calcium have in period 4

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

the positively charged subatomic particle contained in the nucleus of an atom

• proton

• neutron

• electron

• matter

Multiple Choice

How many energy levels does sodium (Na) have in period 3?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

a subatomic particle, contained in the nucleus of an atom, having the same mass as a proton but no electrical charge

• proton

• neutron

• electron

• matter

Multiple Choice

How many energy levels does Neon have in period 2?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

a negatively charged subatomic particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom

• proton

• neutron

• electron

• matter

Multiple Choice

How many energy levels does helium have in period 1?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

a unique number for each element that equals the number of protons in an atom of that element

• element name

• element symbol

• atomic number

• atomic mass

Okay! So the period number tells us the number of energy levels and element has.

• the bigger the number of electrons, the more energy levels it needs

• so as you go down the periodic table, the elements have more energy levels

• the maximum number of energy levels is 7

Multiple Choice

How many protons are in this element?

• 79
• 196
• 117
• Cannot be determined

Now let's talk groups

• groups go up and down on the periodic table

• there are 18 groups on the periodic table

• BUT only groups 1 and 2 and 13-18 follow any sort of pattern.

• the pattern is the group number can help you quickly figure out the number of valence electrons

• valence electrons are the electrons on LAST energy level

• valence electrons are the ones responsible for bonding- so VERY important!

Multiple Choice

How many neutrons are in a Gold atom?

• 79
• 196
• 118
• 275

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the correct equation for PHOTOSYNTHESIS?

• CO₂ + light + H₂O --> O₂ + Sugar
• CO₂ + sugar + H₂O --> O₂ + light
• _O2 + light + H₂O --> CO₂ + Sugar
• CO₂ + O₂ + H₂O --> Light+ Sugar

Multiple Choice

How many valence electrons do element in group 2 have?

• 1

• 2

• 12

Multiple Choice

What are the reactants of photosynthesis?

• carbon dioxide and oxygen
• water and oxygen
• carbon dioxide and water
• water and glucose

Multiple Choice

How many valence electrons do element in group 14 have?

• 1

• 4

• 14

Multiple Choice

What are the products of photosynthesis?

• water and carbon dioxide
• oxygen and glucose
• oxygen and carbon dioxide
• oxygen and water

Multiple Choice

How many valence electrons do element in group 18 have?

• 1

• 8, except Helium only has 2

• 18

Multiple Choice

This is the chemical formula for a molecule of...

• Oxygen

• Carbon dioxide

• Glucose

• Water

Multiple Choice

Where in a plant cell does photosynthesis take place

• Palisade cells

• Chlorophyll

• Chloroplasts

• Vacuole

Multiple Choice

What is the purpose of photosynthesis?

• To release energy

• To create glucose

• To grow

• To get oxygen for respiration

Multiple Choice

What molecule absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis?

• chloroplast
• thylakoid
• grana
• chlorophyll

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is correct about the carbon cycle?

• Photosynthesis of plant life is one of the main producers of CO2

• Burning fossil fuels decreases atmospheric CO2

• Glucose is a form of carbon storage in plants

• Cellular respiration is a process that decreases CO2

Scientific Laws and Scientific Theories

A theory explains why some natural phenomena occur. A law states the observations of that phenomenon and names them.

Multiple Choice

Scientists must think about which of the following when designing experiments?

• the steps required

• equipment needed

• safety precautions

• all of the above

Multiple Choice

A cow is given a growth hormone and then compared to another cow that was not given a growth hormone. Both cows were weighed at 2 years. What is the INDEPENDENT variable?

• amount of time

• weight

• growth hormone

• type of cow

Multiple Choice

A cow is given a growth hormone and then compared to another cow that was not given a growth hormone. Both cows were weighed at 2 years. What is the DEPENDENT variable?

• amount of time

• weight

• growth hormone

• type of cow

Control Variables

Some variables in this experiment are kept the same:
- Time (2 years)

- Type of cow
- Environment
It is important to keep all variables except the independent variable the same to get accurate results.

X-Axis Label

• Tells you what the x-axis (horizontal/bottom line) is showing

• Independent Variable

• Matches the different trails in the experiment

Multiple Choice

What is the independent variable based on the graph?

• Favorite candy

• Type of candy

• Popularity

• How many people hate it

Y-Axis Label

• Tells you what the y-axis (vertical line) is talking about

• Dependent variable

• What we measure/collect data on

Multiple Choice

What is the dependent variable based on the graph?

• Popularity

• Type of candy

• Time of trick-or-treating

• Number of trick-or-treaters

Trends in Graphs

• Talk about how one variable changes the other

• As the [independent variable] increases, the [dependent variable] ...

Trends in Graphs

As the time increases the mass of chalk decreases.

Trends in Graphs

As time increases, the speed increases.

Multiple Choice

Describe the trend shown in the graph.

• As the volume decreases, the mass stays the same.

• As the mass decreases, the volume increases.

• As the volume increases, the mass increases.

• As the mass increases, the volume stays the same.

Density

Density is number of mass in a certain volume of an object.

D = m/V

D = density (kg/m³)

m = mass (kg)

V = volume (m³)

Multiple Choice

What is the formula for density?

• density = mass x volume
• density = mass / volume
• density = mass + volume
• density = mass - volume

Multiple Choice

What two types of measurements make up DENSITY? 

• Mass and Volume
• Temperature and Mass
• Grams and Centimeters
• Volume and Weight

Multiple Choice

Which liquid is the least dense?

• oil
• water
• syrup 
• plastic bottle

Multiple Choice

Frank has a paper clip. It has a mass of 9g and a volume of 3cm³. What is its density?

• 3 g/cm³
• 1/3 g/cm³
• 27 g/cm³
• 39 g/cm³

Multiple Choice

If an object has a density of 3.6 g/mL and you put it into water, will it sink or float?  

• sink
• float

Multiple Choice

If an object has a density of .6 g/mL and you put it into water, will it sink or float?  

• sink
• float

Multiple Choice

Jack has a rock. The rock has a mass of 14g and a volume of 2cm³. What is the density of the rock?

• 7 mL
• 7 g/cm³
• 28 g/cm³
• 1/7 g/cm³

Acids and Bases

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Multiple Choice

The smallest part of an element is

• proton

• atom

• compound

• mixture

Multiple Choice

Two or more different elements chemically combine to form compounds.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Which of the following are properties of acids?

• They conduct electricity when dissolved in water

• They taste sour

• They react with metals to produce hydrogen gas

• All of the answer choices are correct

Multiple Choice

If the substance is neutral, what would the pH be?

• 3

• 5

• 7

• 9

• 11

Multiple Choice

Which of the following pH values represents a base?

• 2.1

• 4.6

• 6.8

• 8.1

Multiple Choice

Which is the stronger acid?

• pH 1

• pH 4

• pH 8

• pH 13

Multiple Choice

The strongest bases have pH values close to

• 0

• 14

• 7

• 5

Periodic Table divisions:

• The Periodic Table is divided into groups and periods.

• Groups run up and down.

• Periods run side to side.

• REMEMBER: "The groups! The groups! The groups are in columns! The rows! The rows! The rows are periods!

Multiple Choice

Groups run:

• up and down

• left to right

Multiple Choice

Periods run:

• up and down

• left to right

Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals

• The periodic table is divided into 3 types of chemicals

• They are in alphabetical order: 1. Metal, 2. Metalloid, 3. Nonmetal

• Metals are the largest group

• Metalloids are the smallest group between metals and nonmetals.

Multiple Choice

Metals are on the:

• Left side

• Right Side

• Stairstep

Multiple Choice

Metalloids are on the:

• Left side

• Right Side

• Stairstep

Multiple Choice

Nonmetals are on the:

• Left side

• Right Side

• Stairstep

Multiple Choice

A student is studying a mystery substance. It breaks easily. It has a very dull luster. It doesn't conduct any electricity. What is the most likely substance this is?

• Metal

• Metalloid

• Nonmetal

Multiple Choice

The same student works with a new substance. He concludes it conducts electricity very well. It has a very shiny luster. When he hammers it, it simply dents and flattens. What is the most likely substance type?

• Metal

• Metalloid

• Nonmetal

Multiple Choice

The third substance the student works with is a little brittle. It is just a little shiny. When he tries to conduct electricity through it at first, it doesn't conduct, but upon heating up, it does start to allow electrons to flow. What is the most likely substance type?

• Metal

• Metalloid

• Nonmetal

Multiple Choice

Valence electrons are

• the electrons in the outer most energy level

• all the electrons in the atom

Multiple Choice

The chemical symbol for an element is always represented by only 1 letter

• True

• False