Urinary System

Urinary System

By Vanbeth Camson

Poll

Are you excited for your graduation?

• YES

• NO

• NOT SURE

Multiple Select

In which organs are proteins digested?

• mouth

• stomach

• small intestine

• large intestine

Multiple Select

In which organs are carbohydrates digested?

• mouth

• stomach

• small intestine

• large intestine

Multiple Select

Which carbohydrates are digested in the intestine?

• dextrin

• maltotriose

• sucrose

• lactose

Multiple Select

Which proteins are digested in the small intestine?

• polypeptides

• dipeptides

• amino acids

• proteins

Multiple Select

Which of the following are digested in the small intestine? Provide the enzymes acting on them as well.

• nucleotide - phosphatase

• nucleoside - nucleosidase

• nucleic acid - nuclease/phosphoesterase

• ribose sugar - sucrase

Multiple Select

What are the factors that influence type of transport and need for transport proteins?

• thickness of membrane

• gradient

• compatibility with plasma membrane composition

• size of molecules

Multiple Select

What are the factors that influence gradient?

• conversion of molecule in the destination into another form

• relative area of two locations

• speed of transport

• type of transport

Multiple Choice

Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids are actively transported from the lumen into the enterocytes because___

• gradient in enterocyte is higher due to relative size

• speed of diffusion is fast

• they are converted into another metabolite in the enterocytes

• they require transport proteins

Multiple Choice

Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids are passively transported from the bloodstream into the individual cells/tissues, despite the fact that blood has higher volume or area, because___

• gradient in enterocyte is higher due to relative size

• speed of diffusion is fast

• they are converted into another form in the cells

• they require transport proteins

Multiple Select

In which routes are carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids transported via facilitated diffusion?

• enterocyte to bloodstream

• bloodstream to cells/tissues

• lumen to enterocyte

• enterocyte to lacteal

Multiple Choice

Short-chain fatty acids are absorbed passively from the lumen into the enterocytes because___

• they have higher concentration in the lumen because of faster diffusion from enterocyte to bloodstream

• the enterocytes have relatively smaller surface area or volue

• they have higher gradient in the enterocyte

• they have higher concentration in the lumen because they are converted into chylomicrons in the enterocytes

Multiple Choice

Long-chain fatty acids are absorbed passively from the lumen into the enterocytes because___

• they have higher concentration in the lumen because of faster diffusion from enterocyte to bloodstream

• the enterocytes have relatively smaller surface area or volue

• they have higher gradient in the enterocyte

• they have higher concentration in the lumen because they are converted into chylomicrons in the enterocytes

The Kidneys

Nephron Structure

Multiple Select

What are the parts of the nephron?

• Bowman's capsule

• Proximal tubule

• Distal tubule

• glomerulus

From the bloodstream into the Urine (nephron tubule)

​

Secreted

From Urine (nephron tubule) into the tissues into the bloodstream

Reabsorbed

Substances Involved in Urine Formation

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Vehicle waste​ - water (urea)

Excess - excess water, urea, excess ions, H+ (pH regulation)

Creatinine, drugs, penicillin, toxins​

Secreted

Water (maximized)

Ions or Urea that create gradient (NaCl) for water and HCO3- (pH regulation)

Nutrients (sugars, amino acids)

​

Reabsorbed

Substances Involved in Urine Formation

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Urine Formation

Proximal Tubule​

ACTIVE TRANSPORT (co-transport with Na)

lower concentration in urine​ than bloodstream

​movement from low to high

Reabsorption of Nutrients

​Proximal Tubule

PASSIVE TRANSPORT (gradient due to Na active transport [positive charge in tissues attract negatively charged ions​])

for pH regulation

Distal Tubule

ACTIVE TRANSPORT​

Reabsorption of HCO3- (pH regulation)

Proximal and Distal Tubules

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

high concentration in urine than bloodstream​

movement is from low to high​

for pH regulation​

​

Secretion of H+ (pH regulation)

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

from bloodstream​ to urine

high concentration in urine than bloodstream​

movement is from low to high​

Filtration of Creatinine and Secretion of drugs, penicillin, toxins

​Proximal Tubule

Active transport of Na​

Reabsorption of Ions, Urea, and Water

Descending Loop

Passive Transport of Na in the Ascending Loop

Active transport of Na in the Ascending Loop​

Reabsorption of Ions, Urea, and Water

Distal Tubule

Active transport of Na​

Reabsorption of Ions, Urea, and Water

Collecting Duct

Active transport of Na

Passive Transport of Urea​

Reabsorption of Ions, Urea, and Water

Multiple Select

Which substances are reabsorbed and where?

• water - all throughout the nephron tubule

• urea in the collecting duct and sodium ions all throughout the nephron tubule

• nutrients - proximal tubule

• bicarbonate - proximal and distal tubule

Multiple Select

Which substances are transported actively?

• nutrients

• poison

• H and HCO3

• sodium ions

Multiple Select

Which subtances are transported passively?

• urea

• poison

• HCO3

• sodium ions

Filtration Issues

​Proteins​ [Proteinuria]

Injury

Red blood cell​

White blood cells​​

​

Subject | Subject

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Excess Issues

​​Ketone - Diabetes

​Glucose [Glycosuria] - Diabetes

​Frequent urination [Polyuria] - Diabetes

​

Subject | Subject

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Reabsorption Issues

​Kidney failure

no urination [Oliguria] - edema

Subject | Subject

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Multiple Select

Which substances are not normally found in urine?

• RBC

• WBC

• proteins

• ketones and glucose

Multiple Select

Which substances are normally found in urine?

• creatinine and urea

• salt

• water

• ketones and glucose

Urea excretion

BP regulation (blood volume)

Increase - RAAS

Decrease - ANP​

Fluid Homeostasis

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RAAS

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ANP

AT II & ADH - Descending Loop - aquaporins

Aldosterone - Ascending Loop​ - Na/K ATPase

ADH, Aldosterone - ​Distal and Collecting Duct - aquaporins & Na/K ATPase

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​​Effects of Hormones and Chemicals on Urine Formation​

Multiple Select

Which hormones are responsible for the reabsorption in the descending Loop of Henle?

• ADH

• aldosterone

• angiotensin II

• ANP

Multiple Select

Which hormones are responsible for the reabsorption in the ascending Loop of Henle?

• ADH

• aldosterone

• angiotensin II

• ANP

Multiple Select

Which hormones are responsible for the reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct?

• ADH

• aldosterone

• angiotensin II

• ANP