Summer class - Science

Earth Science

Volcanoes

By Nhel Divinagracia

Multiple Choice

Which characteristic of magma mainly determines its explosiveness?

• color

• amount

• temperature

• silica content

Multiple Choice

Which of the following characteristics of a volcano depends on its magma emission?

• age

• size

• shape

• location

Multiple Choice

Which of the following factors associated with huge volcanic eruptions may cause the decrease in the Earth’s average temperature for a few years?

• heat

• light

• acid rain

• volcanic ash

Multiple Choice

Why does a thick layer of volcanic ash can be heavy enough to collapse the roofs of buildings?

• it is because ash is solid

• it is because ash cannot be blown by winds

• it is because ash is heavier as it cools

• it is because ash consists of tiny fragments of rocks that become heavy as they pile up

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an active volcano in the Philippines?

• Apo in Davao

• Bud Datu in Sulu

• Isarog in Camarines Sur

• Kanlaon in Negros Oriental

Multiple Choice

Given the following volcanoes, which of the following are active volcanoes?

I. Mayon in Albay

II. Taal in Batangas

III. Vulcan in Camiguin

IV. Kanlaon in Negros Oriental

• I and II only

• II and III only

• I, II, and III only

• I, II, and IV only

Multiple Choice

Which best describes a dormant volcano?

• A volcano that is presently not erupting and that is unlikely to do so for a very long

  time in the future.

• It is called a sleeping volcano because it is presently inactive but could erupt again.

• It is currently erupting or shows signs of unrest activities.

• It is not presently erupting but has erupted in the past and is likely to erupt again in the

  future.

Multiple Choice

Which type of volcanoes have broad bases and steep sides, usually have a large crater at the top, and are formed by alternating layers of magma and ash?

• Cinder cones

• Shield volcanoes

• Composite volcanoes

• Calderas

Multiple Choice

Why are supervolcanoes the most dangerous type of volcano?

I. The eruption significantly increases the global temperature.

II. During an eruption, enormous amounts of ash are thrown into the atmosphere and

encircles the globe.

III. The ash from an eruption lowers the temperature of the entire planet.

IV. The lava that flows during an eruption causes damage to property.

• I and II only

• II and III only

• II and IV only

• I, II, and III only

Multiple Choice

Julie watched an old news video of the last explosive eruption of Mount Pinatubo. She lives in Tagaytay and thought that Taal Volcano in the past did not erupt the way Mt. Pinatubo did because it’s located within a lake while the other is directly situated on the land. Thus, she inferred that volcanoes erupt differently because of their composition and location. Which among the following is not a basic feature shared by all volcanoes if you were to explain this to Julie?

• As the rock heats, it expands, which creates even more pressure causing the magma to

  seek a way out pushing toward the surface.

• The eruption of the magma on the surface is always violent and explosive due to the

  extreme heat and pressure.

• The magma collects in magma chambers that can be 160 kilometers beneath the

  surface.

• When magma reaches the surface, it comes out and is called an eruption.

UNIT TITLE: EARTH AND SPACE

A. Learning Skills

• To do well in this lesson, you should present helpful information about how to reduce the damage, risks, and effects of a volcanic eruption.

• Explain what happens when volcanoes erupt.

Volcanic Eruption

• Differentiate active and inactive volcanoes

• Analyze the different types of volcanic eruptions.

Types of Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruption

Lessons and Coverage

Introduction and Focus Question

Mayon Volcano, the most famous of the active volcanoes in the Philippines, last erupted in January 2018. It erupts frequently and is still very active, having erupted almost 50 times in the past 400 years.​

​Mayon Volcano is well-known for its perfect cone. It rises to 2,462 meters in the Bicol Region, on the southeastern side of Luzon, near the Philippine trench. Like other volcanoes located around the Pacific Ocean, Mayon is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Introduction and Focus Question

Study the picture.

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• What do you think happens when a volcano erupts?

Introduction and Focus Question

In this lesson, you will Explain what happens when volcanoes erupt.

​

You will find answers to the following questions:​​

• How does volcanic eruptions affect people’s lives?

• How do you reduce the risk and effects of volcanic eruption?​

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Introduction and Focus Question

To begin our lesson, I invite you to confirm your ideas about volcanoes using the Anticipation-Reaction (A-R) Guide. In the Anticipation column of the A-R Guide, tick the box of the corresponding statement with which you agree.

Initial Task

Poll

All volcanic eruptions are violent.

• Agree

• Disagree

Poll

Volcanoes are found in hot climates.

• Agree

• Disagree

Poll

Volcanoes are randomly located across the earth’s surface

• Agree

• Disagree

Poll

Volcanoes are found only on land.

• Agree

• Disagree

Poll

Volcanoes only erupt straight up through the vent.

• Agree

• Disagree

Poll

If a volcano does not produce lava, it is not dangerous.

• Agree

• Disagree

Poll

If a volcano doesn’t erupt for a hundred years, it’s extinct.

• Agree

• Disagree

Poll

Magma is the word for molten volcanic material before it erupts; lava is what it is called after it erupts and reaches the earth’s surface.

• Agree

• Disagree

Watch the two short video clips on the following slides. The first shows a 58-second video clip from the movie “2012”. The second video is a 9.42-minute part 1 clip of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption at Clark Air Base.

Pre-Activity to Lesson Discussion

​2012 Super volcano eruption - YouTube

​Mt. Pinatubo Explosion At Clark Air Base, Philippines Part 1 - YouTube

Pre-Activity to Lesson Discussion

Open Ended

How will you describe the eruption of the supervolcano in the movie “2012”?

Open Ended

How will you compare this eruption to the explosion of Mt. Pinatubo back in 1991?

Open Ended

Why do you think we have many volcanoes in the Philippines several of which are active?

Open Ended

How do volcanic eruptions affect us? How do we prepare for this natural calamity?

UNIT TITLE: EARTH AND SPACE

A. Learning Skills

• To do well in this lesson, you should present helpful information about how to reduce the damage, risks, and effects of a volcanic eruption.

• Explain what happens when volcanoes erupt.

Volcanic Eruption

• Differentiate active and inactive volcanoes

• Analyze the different types of volcanic eruptions.

Types of Volcanoes and Volcanic Eruption

Lessons and Coverage

Using Edpuzzle, Explore the concept of the active and inactive volcano. There are questions embedded in the video for you to answer. 

​

https://edpuzzle.com/assignments/627c6fcd8f61b542c4730c7a/watch​

Activity: What is a Volcano?

Construct a model of a volcano

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https://www.sciencefun.org/kidszone/experiments/how-to-make-a-volcano/​

Activity: The Portable Volcano

Open Ended

After you mix all the chemicals, what were your observations?

Open Ended

How is this activity similar to a volcano? Explain.

Open Ended

From the simple representation/model, is it an active or inactive representation of a volcano? Why?

A chemical reaction between vinegar and baking soda creates a gas called carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is the same type of gas used to make the carbonation in sodas. What happens if you shake up a soda? The gas gets very excited and tries to spread out. There is not enough room in the bottle for the gas to spread out so it leaves through the opening very quickly, causing an eruption!

How does it Work?

Lesson 1:

Types of Volcano

• A volcano is cone-shaped.

• It has an opening at the top.

• It gives off hot gases.

• It emits molten rocks.

• It is formed when there is a build-up of lava. It is also a vent from which magma, gases, and volcanic ash escape to the Earth’s surface.

Lesson 1: Volcano

Lesson 1:

Types of Volcanoes Based on their Volcanic Activity

• Is the one that erupts regularly, if it has erupted within the last 10, 000 years.

Active Volcano

Mt. Taal in Batangas

• have not erupted for a long time but may erupt in the future.

Inactive Volcano

Mt. Balungao in Pangasinan

• if it has no record of eruption, has long periods of inactivity based on erosion patterns, and has no significant seismic activity in historical time.

Extinct Volcano

Mt. Butay in Camiguin

• time of the last actual eruption,

• earthquake activity associated with the volcano,

• hot springs flowing from the volcano’s activity and

• changes in elevation within the volcanic crater or caldera.

Factors to consider in classifying volcanoes:

Parts of a Volcano

Lesson 1:

Types of Volcanoes Based on Volcanic Structure

• Is built primarily of pyroclastic materials ejected from a single vent.

• They are formed from explosive eruptions.

• They have a narrow base and steep sides.

• They usually have steep slopes because the cinders tend to interlock with each other, preventing motion downhill until the slope exceeds a certain angle.

Cinder Cone Volcano

Cinder Cone Volcano

• Broad, slightly domed volcanoes are produced by the accumulation of fluid basaltic lava.

• After several quiet eruptions, a gently sloping, dome-shaped mountain is formed.

Shield Volcano​

Shield Volcano​

• Built from alternating layers of rock particles and lava.

• During the formation of composite volcanoes, a violent eruption that ejects volcanic bombs, cinders, and ash out of the vent initially occurs.

• This is followed by a quiet eruption. After several alternating eruptions, a large cone-shaped mountain forms.

Composite Volcano

Composite Volcano

Open Ended

What is a Volcano?

Open Ended

What are the three (3) types of volcanoes based on their volcanic activity?

Multiple Choice

This volcano erupts regularly or it has erupted within the last 10, 000 years.

• Active Volcano

• Inactive Volcano

• Extinct Volcano

Multiple Choice

What volcano has no eruption record, has long periods of inactivity based on erosion patterns, and has no significant seismic activity in historical time?

• Active Volcano

• Inactive Volcano

• Extinct Volcano

Open Ended

What are the three (3) types of volcanoes based on Volcanic Structure?

Multiple Choice

What type of volcano is built primarily of pyroclastic materials ejected from a single vent and usually has steep slopes, preventing motion downhill until the slope exceeds a certain angle?

• Cinder Cone VOlcano

• Shield Volcano

• Composite Volcano

Multiple Choice

What type of volcano that has broad, slightly domed volcanoes is produced by the accumulation of fluid basaltic lava.

• Cinder Cone Volcano

• Shield Volcano

• Composite Volcano

Explore the concept of the types of volcanic eruptions. After that, answer the processing tasks.

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Youtube Link:​ https://youtu.be/qEUt1Y3asyk​

​Activity Link: https://app.wizer.me/learn/O1JJHZ

Activity: TYPES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS

Lesson 2:

Characteristics of Volcanic Eruptions

• Volcanic eruptions are not alike; some eruptions are quiet, and others are explosive.

• ​Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes are ways for Earth to release pressure and heat, much like a safety valve.

• ​Volcanic eruptions occur when lava and gas are discharged from a volcanic vent.

Characteristics of Volcanic Eruptions

• Volcanic eruptions also emit large amounts of gases.

• They could result in hazards such as lava flow, debris fall, and volcanic ash landslides (lahar).

Characteristics of Volcanic Eruptions

• Deep within the Earth, under tremendous pressure and temperature, rocks exist as a hot liquid called magma. These molten rocks are found in pockets called magma chambers.

Why do Volcanoes erupt?

• Magma forms in the crust and upper mantle when solid rock partially melts. The formation of magma depends on several factors that include heat, pressure, and water content.

Why do Volcanoes erupt?

• Magma is naturally less dense than the surrounding rock. This causes magma to rise to an area with less pressure. Magma is constantly moving toward Earth’s surface through cracks in solid rock or by melting the solid rock.

Why do Volcanoes erupt?

Lesson 2:

Types of Volcanic Eruption

• It is a steam-driven eruption as the hot rocks come in contact with water. It is short-lived, characterized by ash columns but may be an onset of a larger eruption.

Phreatic or Hydrothermal

• It is a violent eruption due to the contact between water and magma. As a result, a large column of very fine ash and high-speed and sideway emission of pyroclastics called base surges are observed.

Phreatomagmatic

• It is a periodic weak to violent eruption characterized by fountain lava

Strombolian

• It is characterized by tall eruption columns that reach up to 20 km high with pyroclastic flow and ashfall tephra.

Vulcanian

• It is an excessively explosive type of eruption of gas and pyroclastic materials.

Plinian

Lesson 2:

The Impact of Volcanic Eruption

• When volcanoes erupt they can spew hot, dangerous gases, ash, lava, and rock that can cause disastrous loss of life and property, especially in heavily populated areas.

• Volcanic eruptions can also cause secondary events, such as floods, landslides, and mudslides if there are accompanying rain, snow or melting ice.

• Hot ashes can also start wildfires.

• Volcanic eruptions can impact climate change by emitting volcanic gases like sulfur dioxide, which causes global cooling, and volcanic carbon dioxide, which has the potential to promote global warming.

• The internal heat associated with young volcanic systems has been harnessed to produce geothermal energy.

• Most of the metallic minerals mined in the world - such as copper, gold, silver, lead, and zinc -are associated with magmas found deep within the roots of extinct volcanoes.

Performance Task

Now you are ready to apply the concepts you have learned in your day-to-day activities. Let us relate the concepts learned in the real world. Do this activity.

• You will present helpful information to your residence about how to reduce the damage, risks, and effects of a volcanic eruption.

Goal

• You are the PHIVOLCS representative in your barangay

Role

• You will present your output to the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS)

Audience

• The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) has asked you, being the PHIVOLCS representative in your barangay, to educate the residents on how to reduce damage, risks, and effects of a volcanic eruption.

Situation

• You will design a digital booklet that shows how to reduce the damage, risks, and effects of a volcanic eruption. You may use any digital editing platforms, such as Microsoft Word, Canva, Publisher, Photoshop, etc.

Product/Performance

• You will be graded based on the accuracy of the information, organization of ideas, elements, creativity/originality, and overall presentation

Standards