cardiovascular system

Multiple Choice

    What factors contribute to the development of atherosclerosis in obesity:

• hypercholesterolemia

• arterial hypertension

• hypoglycemia

• polyuria, polydipsia

• hypotension

   

Multiple Choice

  At what stage of myocardial hypertrophy is the weakening of cardiac

      abbreviations:    

• mixed

• hypertrophic

• emergency stage

• stage of cardiosclerosis

• stage of completed hypertrophy

Multiple Choice

   Causes of pathological myocardial hypertrophy:

• uniform increase in all departments

• uniform increase in all departments

• the growth of blood vessels lags behind the growth of the myofibril

• a uniform increase in the muscles of the heart and blood vessels

• heart defects, arterial hypertension

Multiple Choice

   Features of physiological hypertrophy:

• a uniform increase in all chambers of the heart

• the functional reserve is increased

• compensatory possibilities are limited

• the ability to carry out a large load

• metabolism, energy production are enhanced

Multiple Choice

Tonogenic dilation is a sign of:

• decrease in stroke volume

• change in minute volume

• ending hypertrophy (stage II)

• increase in stroke volume

• expansion of the chambers of the heart

   

Multiple Choice

Hypertension is a pathology:

• vessels of the compensating type

• resistive vessels

• great vessels

• vessels volume

• exchange vessels

Multiple Choice

Signs of activation of the depressor system:

• dopamine release

• activation of SAS

• release of aldosterone

• endothelium relaxing factor

• prostaglandini A and E

Multiple Choice

    Indicate one of the mechanisms of development of hypertension:

• disorders of higher nervous activity

• decrease in the mass of circulating blood

• decrease in cardiac output

• violation of the braking process

• lowering the tone of resistive vessels

Multiple Choice

   What arrhythmia occurs in violation of:

• alternating pulse

   

• blockade

• atrial fibrillation

• sinus tachycardia

• paroxysmal tachycardia

Multiple Choice

    Causes of non-coronary myocardial necrosis:

• hemoconcentration

• prolonged irritation of the vagus nerve nucleus

Multiple Choice

   Atrial flutter is:

• group ventricular extrasystole

• complete dissociation of atrial and ventricular contractions

• tachycardia with a rhythm of 250-300 per minute

• chaotic contraction of individual groups of cardiomyocytes

Multiple Choice

Indicate the most frequent consequences and complications of atherosclerosis:

• coronary insufficiency

• hemophilia, embolism

• thrombophlebitis

• venous thrombosis, ischemia

• insufficiency of hematopoiesis

Multiple Choice

   Specify the mechanism of blood pressure increase upon activation of sympathetic

    adrenal system (SAS):

• myocardial ischemia, hypoxia

• myocardial hypertrophy

• increase in the secretion of angiotensin - I

• increased peripheral resistance

• decrease in the secretion of angiotensin - II

Multiple Choice

In the pathogenesis of cardiac edema, the primary role is played by:

• increased glomerular filtration

• hypovolemia, volume of circulating blood

• disorder of microcirculation and increased permeability of the capillary wall

• proteinuria, hypoonkia

• change in osmotic blood pressure

Multiple Choice

   Causes of pathological myocardial hypertrophy:

• uniform increase in all departments

• the growth of blood vessels lags behind the growth of the myofibril

• heart defects, arterial hypertension

• a uniform increase in the muscles of the heart and blood vessels

• compensatory capabilities remain

Multiple Choice

     Specify one of the mechanisms of coronary insufficiency in atherosclerosis

      coronary vessels:

• decrease in expansion reserve

• coronary thrombosis

• activation of the sympatho-adrenal system

• physical and emotional stress

   

• increased oxygen demand

Multiple Choice

  A 50-year-old patient was admitted to the intensive care unit with complaints of chest pain lasting more than 14 hours. On examination: the state of moderate severity, the face is hyperemic, the heart sounds are muffled, the pulse is 80 / m min, A / D-180/100 mm Hg.

What pathology do the changes described in the task indicate?

• damage to the heart muscle

• hypertension

• ischemic heart disease

• dysregulation

Multiple Choice

     Pathogenesis of cardiogenic shock:

• increased peripheral vascular resistance

• lowering peripheral vascular resistance

• changes in cardiac output, decrease in A / D

• circulatory hypoxia, small pulse

• rhythm disturbances, vascular insufficiency

Multiple Choice

      Ventricular fibrillation is:

• group ventricular extrasystole

• chaotic contraction of individual groups of cardiomyocytes

• complete dissociation of atrial and ventricular contractions

• tachycardia with a rhythm of 250-300 per minute

Multiple Choice

What are the possible reasons for the decrease in coronary blood flow:

• acute hypoxia

• activation of beta-adrenergic receptors of myocyte of coronary arteries

• intoxication

• coronary spasm

• hypovitaminosis

Multiple Choice

What is the basis of hypertension:

• blood clotting

• hypovolemia

• persistent increase in arterial tone

• increased heart rate

• hypervolemia

Multiple Choice

How hemodynamic parameters change in chronic cardiac

      failure?

• stroke and minute volume decrease, venous pressure increases

• stroke and cardiac output, venous pressure increase

• all indicators fall sharply

• all indicators are perverted

• all indicators are within normal limits

Multiple Choice

What are the values ​​of blood pressure in mm Hg? indicate the presence

      hypertension?

• 135/85

• 125/75

• 170/110

• 120/90

• 90/60

Multiple Choice

What kind of dilation is accompanied by a weakening of heart contractions:

• mixed

• hypertrophic

• myogenic

• tonogenic

Multiple Choice

In case of insufficiency of the aortic valves decreases:

• pulmonary blood flow

• coronary blood flow

• general blood flow

• venous blood flow

• arterial blood flow

Multiple Choice

Coronary insufficiency can result from:

• spasm of the coronary arteries

• accumulation of adenosine in the myocardium

• hypercapnia

• endocarditis

• pericarditis

Multiple Choice

The development of atherosclerosis in obesity is promoted by:

• arterial hypotension

• hypercholesterolemia

• hypoglycemia

• polydipsia

• arterial hypertension

   

Multiple Choice

What are the possible reasons for the decrease in coronary blood flow:

• activation of beta-adrenergic receptors of myocyte of coronary arteries

• insufficiency of mitral valves

• therosclerosis

• acute hypoxia

• intoxication

Multiple Choice

The main factor in the development of cardiac edema is:

• irritation of osmoreceptors

• increasing the pumping function of the heart

• increased osmotic pressure in tissues

• weakening of myocardial contractility

• irritation of volumoreceptors

   

Multiple Choice

Specify the possible causes of non-coronary myocardial necrosis:

• hemoconcentration

• prolonged irritation of the nucleus of the vagus nerve

• thrombocytopenia

• hemodilution

• infections

Multiple Choice

Resistance leads to myocardial overload:

• mitral valve insufficiency

• arterial hypertension

• aortic valve insufficiency

• anemia

• atherosclerosis

   

Multiple Choice

Pathological myocardial hypertrophy is:

• expansion of the heart chambers

• an increase in myocardial mass

• an increase in the number of cardiomyocytes

• changes in the chambers of the heart

• an increase in the number of vessels

Multiple Choice

The emergency stage of hypertrophy is characterized by:

• decrease in creatine phosphate, glycogen

• energy production is not disturbed

• dystrophic changes, an increase in stroke volume

• uniform increase in heart chambers

• good contractility

Multiple Choice

The stage of completed hypertrophy is characterized by:

• myogenic dilation, edema

• the energy is disrupted, the minute volume is reduced

• dystrophic processes

• tonogenic dilation, increase in stroke volume

• lowering the stroke and minute volume

Multiple Choice

Consequences of cardiosclerosis:

• tonogenic dilation

• myogenic dilation

• an increase in the number of vessels

• myocardial hypertrophy

• an increase in the minute volume

Multiple Choice

Features of pathological hypertrophy:

• compensatory capabilities remain

• uniform increase in all departments

• a uniform increase in the muscles of the heart and blood vessels

• the growth of blood vessels lags behind the growth of the myofibril

• the metabolism is enhanced

Multiple Choice

Indicate the physiological characteristics of the cardiovascular system:

• very stable regulation, the presence of a large number of sympathetic fibers

• the ability to contract and be excited on their own

• reflex connections with all organs

• compensatory possibilities are limited

• high content of parasympathetic fibers

Multiple Choice

Features of a hypertrophied heart:

• the ability to carry out a large load

• the functional reserve is increased

• compensatory possibilities are limited

• withstands physical and emotional overload

• metabolism, energy production are enhanced

Multiple Choice

One of the conditions for circulatory disorders is:

• inconsistency in the amount of blood flowing from the heart to return

• capture of oxygen by tissues

• redistribution of blood through the vessels

• change in the amount of blood flowing in

• increased oxygen consumption by tissues

Multiple Choice

Causes of pathological hypertrophy:

• vascular circulatory failure

• hypertension, defects, kidney disease

• atherosclerosis, heart disease

• heart defects, hypotonic disease

• great physical and emotional stress

Multiple Choice

The third stage of myocardial hypertrophy is characterized by:

• increased blood and venous pressure

• an increase in minute volume, a decrease in blood pressure

• decrease in stroke volume, lowering of blood pressure

• an increase in stroke and minute volume

• increased venous pressure, increased cardiac output