blood system

Multiple Choice

The "triggering" factor for the volum-reflex is

• hypervolemia

• hypovolemia

• normovolemia

• tachycardia

• blood loss

Multiple Choice

Polycythemia is:

• decrease in erythrocytes, platelets

• an increase in leukocytes and platelets

• decreasing all shaped elements

• increase in erythrocytes, leukocytes

• increasing all shaped elements

Multiple Choice

Pancytopenia is a sign:

• inhibition of erythropoiesis

• suppression of bone marrow function

• hemolysis of blood corpuscles

• lack of megakaryoblasts

• dysfunction of hematopoiesis

Multiple Choice

What leukemia are  belong with  acute:

• erythromyelosis

• myeloma

• Vakez disease

• lymphodenosis

• megakaryocytic

Multiple Choice

Describe the state of the erythrocyte lineage of the bone marrow in anemia with an HB content of 60 g / l and reticulocytes in the peripheral blood equal to 0.9%:

• aplastic

• hypoplastic

• aregenerator

• regenerative

• hyporegenerative

Multiple Choice

Indicate signs of erythrocyte degeneration:

• basophilic granularity, Jolly bodies, vacuolization

• Klein-Humprecht's little body, Jolly's little body, anisocytosis

• anisochromia, Jolly's little bodies, pycnosis

• apoptosis, toxic granularity, poikolocytosis

• poikilocytosis, Jolly bodies, basophilic granularity

Multiple Choice

Hemoglobin 64 g / l; erythrocytes 2.08x10¹² / l; leukocytes 84x10⁹ / l; Myeloblasts-95.5, promyelocytes-absent. Neutrophils: Myelocytes, Young, Stab-absent. Segmented-2.0. Eosinophils, Basophils ,. Monocytes are absent. Lymphocytes-2.5. Your hematological diagnosis:

• iron deficiency anemia

• acute myeloid leukemia

• leukemoid reaction

• chronic myeloid leukemia

• leukocytosis neutrophilic

Multiple Choice

In a 15-year-old teenager, target erythrocytes were found in the blood. What hemoglobin increase is a diagnostic criterion for beta-thalassemia?

• HbA₂

• HbA₁

• HbСО

• HbS

• HbM

Multiple Choice

Disease accompanied by relative lymphocytosis:

• Infectious mononucleosis

• croupous pneumonia

• tuberculosis

• appendicitis

• aplastic anemia

Multiple Choice

After long-term administration of analgin, a 25-year-old woman developed ulcerative-necrotic lesions of the oral mucosa. What is most likely to be found in the patient's blood?

• significant decrease in neutrophils, relative lymphocytosis

• neutrophilia and relative lymphopenia

• significant decrease in neutrophils and absolute lymphocytosis

• leukopenia with absolute monocytosis

• the appearance of blast cells

   

Multiple Choice

Examination of a 50-year-old man who had undergone gastric resection 5 years ago revealed erythropenia, large oval erythrocytes and hypersegmented neutrophils in the smear. Most likely the patient has anemia:

• hemolytic

• B-12-deficient

• aplastic

• microspherocytic

• iron deficiency

Multiple Choice

Stage 1 of DIC syndrome is characterized by:

• necrotic changes in target organs

• consumption coagulopathy

• activation of proteolysis

• hypocoagulation

• hypercoagulability and platelet aggregation

Multiple Choice

In  iron deficiency anemia, erythrocytes are usually found in the blood:

• core

• large

• hypochromi

• with Jolly bodies

• hyperchromic

Multiple Choice

Eosinophilia occurs when:

• lymphocytic leukemia

• iron deficiency anemia

• Addison-Birmer anemia

• allergies

• hemophilia

Multiple Choice

For hemolytic anemias, the characteristic is ....

• iron deficiency in the body

• megaloblastic type of hematopoiesis

• fatty degeneration of red bone marrow

• shortening the life span of erythrocytes

• increased osmotic resistance of erythrocytes

   

Multiple Choice

Leukopenia can lead to ... .

• development of body sensitization

• decrease in blood clotting

• decrease in body resistance

• development of leukemia

• reticulocytosis

Multiple Choice

The development of leukemia is based on ...

• uncontrolled proliferation of hematopoietic cells

• decreased mitotic activity of cells

• increased activity of antiblastoma resistance of the organism

• increased ability of cells to differentiate and mature

• decreased activity of protooncogenes and transforming oncogenes

   

Multiple Choice

The factors contributing to thrombus formation include ....

• activation of the anticoagulant system

• thrombocytopenia

• increased blood flow velocity

• decreased blood clotting ability

• damage to the vascular wall

Multiple Choice

Chronic post-hemorrhagic anemia is hyporegenerative, because:

• there is a loss of erythrocytes, little erythropoietins

• lack of a specific factor of erythropoiesis (iron)

• there is a loss of plasma proteins

• the bone marrow produces red blood cells poorly

• there is a decrease in the mass of circulating blood

Multiple Choice

What explains the hyperchromia in Addison-Birmer anemia:

• very low red blood cell count

• the presence of megaloblasts and megalocytes

• high hemoglobin

• large diameter of megalocytes

• lack of vitamin B12

Multiple Choice

Tumor disease of the blood system with diffuse damage to the hematopoietic tissue is:

• leukemia

• hematosarcoma

• leukemoid reaction

• agranulocytosis

• pernicious anemia

Multiple Choice

Neutrophilic leukocytosis with a nuclear shift of the leukocyte formula to the left is characteristic for:

• tuberculosis

• measles

• myocardial infarction

• infectious mononucleosis

• hay fever

Multiple Choice

Your conclusion on the hemogram is: erythrocytes - 3.2x10¹² / l, hemoglobin - 60g / l, color index - 0.6, reticulocytes - 1%, leukocytes - 4.5x10⁹ / l, sideropenia. In a blood smear - microcytes, hypochromic erythrocytes, poikilocytes.

• acute acquired hemolytic anemia

• vitamin B12-folate deficiency anemia

• iron deficiency anemia.

• hypo-aplastic anemia

• acute post-hemorrhagic anemia.

Multiple Choice

Your conclusion on the hemogram is: erythrocytes - 1.2x1012 / l, Hb - 60g / l, color index - 1.5, reticulocytes - 0.3%, leukocytes - 3.5x10⁹ / l, platelets - 180x10⁹ / l. In a smear - anisocytosis and poikilocytosis of erythrocytes, megalocytes, megaloblasts.

• vitamin B12-folate deficiency anemia.

• hypo-, aplastic anemia.

• acute acquired hemolytic anemia.

• Iron-deficiency anemia.

• acute post-hemorrhagic anemia.

   

Multiple Choice

Degenerative forms of leukocytes:

• vacuolization, fragmentation, anisochromia, myelocytes

   

• karyorrhexis, basophilic granularity, fragmentation

• hypochromia, toxic granularity, Jolly's little bodies

• anisochromia, pycnosis, poikilocytosis, hypochromia

• karyorrhexis, toxic granularity, vacuolization

Multiple Choice

Reasons for absolute erythrocytosis:

• decompression sickness, blood loss

• chronic hypoventilation of the lungs

• hypervolemia, poisoning

• hyperoxia, hemolysis

• dehydration

   

Multiple Choice

In childhood, the following are more common:

• acute lymphoblastic leukemia

• chronic myeloid leukemia

• chronic lymphocytic leukemia

• acute monocytic leukemia

• lymphagranulomatosis

   

Multiple Choice

In a 52-year-old woman, examination revealed a decrease in the number of erythrocytes in the blood and an increase in the level of free hemoglobin in the blood plasma (hemoglobinemia). CPU - 0.85. What type of anemia does the patient have?

• hereditary hemolytic

• acquired hemolytic

• acute post-hemorrhagic

• chronic post-hemorrhagic

• anemia due to impaired erythropoiesis

   

Multiple Choice

Along with normal types of hemoglobin in the body of an adult, pathological ones may be present. Specify one of them:

• HbF

• HbA1

• HbA2

• HbS

• HbO2

Multiple Choice

A 65-year-old patient with long-term complaints typical of chronic gastritis has megalocytes in the peripheral blood and megaloblastic erythropoiesis in the bone marrow. What is the most likely diagnosis?

• aplastic anemia

• hypoplastic anemia

• hemolytic anemia

• B12-folate deficiency anemia

• Iron-deficiency anemia

Multiple Choice

Examination in the patient's blood revealed leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, Botkin-Gumprecht cells against the background of anemia. What disease should you think about?

• chronic lymphocytic leukemia

• acute myeloid leukemia

• lymphogranulomatosis

• Infectious mononucleosis

• multiple myeloma

Multiple Choice

A 37-year-old patient came to the clinic with complaints of headache, dizziness, poor sleep, numbness of the extremities. For the last 6 years he has been working at a gas-discharge lamp factory in a lead workshop. In the blood: the amount of hemoglobin and erythrocytes is reduced, the content of serum iron is increased several times. Name the type of anemia:

• iron deficiency

• Minkowski-Shoffard anemia

• iron refractory

• Hypoplastic

• metaplastic

Multiple Choice

In the blood of a 26-year-old man, 18% of erythrocytes of spherical, flattened, spherical and spinous forms were found. Other red blood cells were in the form of biconcave discs. What is the name of such a phenomenon?

• cathological poikilocytosis

• physiological anisocytosis

• cathological anisocytosis

• erythrocytosis

• physiological poikilocytosis

Multiple Choice

The patient was diagnosed with chronic atrophic gastritis, accompanied by a deficiency of the internal Castle factor. What anemia did the patient develop?

• iron refractory

• hemolytic

• iron deficiency

• 12-deficit

• protein deficient

   

Multiple Choice

In humans, 10 minutes after the start of intense physical activity, the number of erythrocytes in the blood increased from 4.0x10¹² / l to 4.5x10¹² / l. What is causing this?

• suppression of destruction of erythrocytes

• exit of erythrocytes from the depot

• activation of erythropoiesis

• increase in minute blood volume

• body water loss

Multiple Choice

The inflammatory process in human tissues and organs is accompanied by their hyperemia and edema. What leukocytes in the connective tissue ensure the expansion of blood vessels and increase their permeability?

• neutrophils

• eosinophils

• basophils

• T-lymphocytes

• B-lymphocytes

   

Multiple Choice

A biochemical analysis of the infant's erythrocytes revealed a pronounced deficiency of glutathione peroxidase and a low level of reduced glutathione. What pathological condition can this child develop?

• hemolytic anemia

• cernizial anemia

• haloblastic anemia

• sickle cell anemia

• Iron-deficiency anemia

Multiple Choice

The woman notes general and muscle weakness, shortness of breath, dizziness, brittle hair and nails, desire to eat chalk. A history of uterine fibroids. In the blood: er. - 2, 8 x10¹² / l, Hb - 80 g / l, color index - 0.78, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis, serum iron - 10 мmol / l. What is the most probable diagnosis for this patient?

• 12-deficiency anemia

• autoimmune hemolytic anemia

• iron deficiency anemia

• aplastic anemia

• hypoplastic anemia

Multiple Choice

A 22-year-old female patient with reduced nutritional status, a vegetarian, went to the clinic with complaints of perversion of smell and taste, "sticking" in the corners of the mouth. Objectively: pronounced blueness of the sclera. Was diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. What clinical syndrome prevails?

• anemic

• gemological

• hemolytic

• sideropenic

• myelodysplastic

Multiple Choice

A 43-year-old man during a medical examination objectively revealed pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, flattened papillae of the tongue, transverse striation of nails, cracks in the corners of the mouth, tachycardia. The content of hemoglobin in the blood is 90 g / l, anisocytosis, poikilocytosis. The most likely causative factor for this condition is insufficient intake:

• copper

• iron

• zinc

• magnesium

• Selene

Multiple Choice

A 18-year-old patient complains of the periodic appearance of an icteric skin color, lethargy, heaviness in the left hypochondrium. Objectively: the lymph nodes are not enlarged, the liver is near the edge of the costal arch, the spleen is +3 cm. In the blood: erythrocytes - 2, 7 10¹² / l, Нb - 84 g / l, CP - 0.96, reticulocytes - 18%, erythrokaryocytes, microspherocytes ... Indirect bilirubin - 32 мmol / L. In urine - hemosiderin. The iron content in the blood serum is 23.5 mmol / l. What is the most likely diagnosis?

• Minkowski-Shoffard anemia

• autoimmune hemolytic anemia

• sideroachrestic anemia

• hypoplastic anemia

• folate deficiency anemia

Multiple Choice

The mother of a 9-month-old child complains of significant pallor, poor appetite, and an enlarged baby's belly. At the neonatal age, the child was treated in a hospital for jaundice and anemia. Objectively: the skin is pale with an icteric tinge, there are no teeth, the abdomen is enlarged, the spleen is palpable. Hb - 90 g / l, er. - 3.0 x10¹² / l, CP - 0.9, microspherocytosis, reticulocytosis up to 20%, serum bilirubin - 37 мmol / l, indirect - 28 мmol / l. What type of anemia is there?

• Iron-deficiency anemia

• protein deficiency anemia

• 12-deficiency anemia

• hemolytic anemia

• hereditary elliptocytosis

Multiple Choice

A 3-year-old child was admitted with complaints of leg pain, fever, poor appetite. Objectively: pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, hemorrhagic eruptions. The lymph nodes are enlarged, of a densely elastic consistency, not welded, painless. Pain in bones and joints, in the abdomen. The liver and spleen are enlarged. In the hemogram: hemoglobin - 88 g / l, CP - 1.3, platelets – 80 x 10⁹ / l, leukocytes - 25,8 x10⁹ / l, lymphoblasts - 70%, erythrocyte sedimentation rate - 52 mm / h. What is the preliminary diagnosis?

• thrombocytopenic purpura

• acute leukemia

• acute rheumatic fever

• Infectious mononucleosis

• hemorrhagic vasculitis

Multiple Choice

An 18-year-old female patient consulted a doctor due to severe weakness, fever, progressive weight loss, and dizziness. Objectively: with a height of 165 cm, weight - 40 kg, the skin is pale with a yellowish tinge, dry, peeling. In the blood: erythrocytes - 1.8 x 10¹² / l, Hb - 85 g / l, leukocytes 500 x 10⁹ / l, formula: myeloblasts - 78%, neutrophils - 15%, lymphocytes - 7%. What is the most likely diagnosis?

• acute lymphoblastic leukemia

• chronic lymphoblastic leukemia

• acute myeloid leukemia

• chronic anemia

• leukemoid reaction

Multiple Choice

The patient visited a dentist for tooth extraction. After tooth extraction, bleeding from the tooth cell did not stop for 15 minutes. It is known from the anamnesis that the patient suffers from chronic active hepatitis. What is the possible cause of the prolonged bleeding time?

• thrombocytopenia

• hypocalcemia

• increased activity of the anticoagulant system

• a decrease in the content of albumin in the blood

• lowering the content of fibrinogen in the blood

Multiple Choice

The blood test of the athlete revealed: erythrocyte content - 5, 5 x10¹² / l, hemoglobin - 180 g / l, leukocytes - 7 x10⁹ / l, neutrophils - 64%, basophils - 0.5%, eosinophils - 0.5 %, monocytes - 8%, lymphocytes - 27%. Such indicators indicate the stimulation, first of all, of such a process:

• leukopoiesis

• erythropoiesis

• lymphopoiesis

• granulocytopoiesis

• immunogenesis

Multiple Choice

The patient has a helminthic invasion by a wide tapeworm. In the analysis: hemoglobin - 95 g / l, erythrocytes - 2.8 x 10¹² / l, reticulocytes - 0.5%, megalocytes and megaloblasts were found. Determine the nature of anemia

• vitamin B-12– deficiency anemia

• hemolytic anemia

• Iron-deficiency anemia

• sideroachrestic anemia

• hypoplastic anemia

   

Multiple Choice

What is not typical for folate deficiency anemia:

• hyperchromia of erythrocytes

• leukopenia and thrombocytopenia

• symptoms of funicular myelosis

• atrophic glossitis

• high percentage of ineffective erythropoiesis

Multiple Choice

The main mechanism of pathological leukocytosis is

• stimulation of leukopoiesis

• redistribution of blood in the vascular bed

• emigration of leukocytes

• diapedesis of leukocytes

• phagocytosis of leukocytes

Multiple Choice

The nuclear shift of the leukocyte formula to the left indicates (about)

• increase in the percentage of segmented neutrophils

• an increase in the percentage of lymphocytes and monocytes

• decrease in the percentage of young forms of neutrophils

• an increase in the percentage of young neutrophils (metamyelocytes and stab)

• a decrease in the percentage of lymphocytes and monocytes

Multiple Choice

Long-term use of cytostatics leads to

• monocytosis

• lymphocytosis

• eosinophilia

• basopenia

• neutropenia

Multiple Choice

Tumor disease of the blood system with diffuse damage to hematopoietic tissue is called

• hematosarcoma

• leukemia

• leukemoid reaction

• agranulocytosis

• pernicious anemia

Multiple Choice

The predominance of blast forms of granulocytes in the blood and the absence of intermediate forms of maturation with a small number of mature cells are characteristic

• for chronic leukemia

• for leukemoid reaction

• for acute leukemia

• for leukocytosis

• for leukopenia

   

Multiple Choice

For leukemoid reactions of the neutrophilic type,

• basophilic-eosinophilic association

• the appearance of plasma cells in the blood

• cellular atypism of granulocytes

• hyperregenerative shift of the leukocyte formula to the left

• pancytopenia

Multiple Choice

The total number of leukocytes is 70 x 10x10⁹ / l; myeloblasts - 1%;

promyelocytes - 3%; myelocytes - 8%; metamyelocytes - 8%;

stab neutrophils - 15%; segmented neutrophils -36%; basophils - 2%; eosinophils -8%; monocytes - 3%; lymphocytes -16%. Leukogram indicates -

• chronic myelocytic leukemia

• acute lymphoblastic leukemia

• acute myeloid leukemia

• chronic monocytic leukemia

• chronic lymphocytic leukemia

   

Multiple Choice

The content of erythrocytes in the blood of a resident of the highlands is 6.5 x 10¹²/ l. The mechanism of erythrocytosis development in these conditions?

• activation of aortic chemoreceptors

• activation of erythropoiesis

• decrease in blood depot volume

• activation of blood transport function

• increased life span of red blood cells

Multiple Choice

What group of anemias does marching hemoglobinuria belong to?

• toxicohemolytic

• immunohemolytic

• acute post-hemorrhagic

• mechanical hemolytic

• metaplastic

   

Multiple Choice

Erythremia (polycythemia vera) is:

• intravascular hemolysis of erythrocytes

• a type of chronic leukemia

• atrophy of hematopoietic tissue

• bone marrow inflammation

• an increase in reticulocytes in the blood

Multiple Choice

The change from the embryonic (megaloblastic) type of hematopoiesis to the eritroblastic type occurs:

• in childhood

• during pregnancy

• during puberty

• in adults

• in old age

Multiple Choice

The clinical picture of B12-deficiency anemia includes a triad, a component of which is funicular myelosis. The mechanism of its development?

• violation of myelin synthesis

• termination of axonal transport

• decrease in the synthesis of neurotransmitters

• decreased sensitivity of cholinergic receptors

• decreased sensitivity of adrenergic receptors

Multiple Choice

Show regenerative forms of erythrocytes:

• Jolly's bodies, normoblasts, anisocytosis

• normoblasts, basophilic granularity of erythrocytes

• reticulocytes, normoblasts, polychromatophilia

• poikilocytosis, polychromotophilia, normoblasts

• megalocytes, cabo rings, reticulocytes

Multiple Choice

Indicate the reasons for the appearance of megaloblasts and megalocytes in the peripheral blood:

• a sharp inhibition of bone marrow function

• diseases of the stomach, liver, kidneys

• massive blood loss, malnutrition

• lack of vitamin B12, folic acid

• violation of the production of erythropoietins

Multiple Choice

Pathogenesis of hemolytic anemias:

• transfusion of incompatible blood

• increased hemolysis of erythrocytes

• phenylhydrazine poisoning

• increase in indirect bilirubin

• enlarged spleen, jaundice

Multiple Choice

Iron deficiency anemia is caused by:

• decrease in erythropoietin production

• acute hemolysis of erythrocytes

• massive hemorrhages

• increased iron consumption

• folate deficiency

Multiple Choice

Pathogenesis of hypochromia in iron deficiency anemia:

• disorders of hemoglobin synthesis

• violation of absorption and deposit of iron

• loss of iron from the body

• lack of globin and heme

• lack of intrinsic Castle factor

   

Multiple Choice

Indicate the pathogenesis of clinical signs in the first hours after acute blood loss:

• shortness of breath, hypoxic hypoxia

• tachycardia, blood deposition

• circulatory and hemic hypoxia

• hypovolemia, tachycardia

• release of blood from the depot, acceleration of blood flow

Multiple Choice

With iron deficiency anemia in the peripheral blood is observed:

• hypochromia of erythrocytes

• normal hematocrit

• hyperchromia of erythrocytes

• the appearance of megaloblasts

• neutrophilic leukocytosis

   

Multiple Choice

Leukemia causes:

• intoxication of the body

• ionizing radiation

• infrared rays

• streptococci and staphylococci

• chromosome 1 aberration

Multiple Choice

The hydraemic stage of acute post-hemorrhagic anemia is characterized by:

• reticulocytosis, polychromatophilia

• the appearance of normoblasts

• neutrophilic leukocytosis

• hyperchromic anemia

• normal hematocrit

Multiple Choice

Indicate a symptom characteristic of panmyelosis:

• increase in the number of erythrocytes

• polycythemia, bone marrow hyperplasia

• change in the number of blood cells

• increased granulopoiesis, thrombocytopenia

• hyperplasia of hematopoietic organs